The microflora of the alimentary tract and avian pathogens: translocation and vertical transmission

Barrow, Paul

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3060-2_6

Cited by 18 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Field Ornithol. of laying females (Barrow 1994) that, in turn, may depend on ecological factors such as diet and habitat (Blanco et al 2006, Klomp et al 2008, micro-environmental factors associated with the anatomical structure of the digestive tract (Berg 1996, Stevens andHume 1998), and bacteria from reproductive tracts (Lombardo et al 1999, Stewart and Rambo 2000, Hupton et al 2003. In addition, bacteria on eggshells may have an environmental origin.…”

Section: Culturable Bacterial Array On Eggshellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Swabs were uniformly impregnated with feces for approximately 1 to 3 s. Swabs could not be inserted into cloacae due to the small size of the birds. We assumed that bacteria in cloacae were similar to those in feces and other exudates ejected from the oviduct as reported for domestic chickens ( Gallus gallus ; Barrow 1994, Humphey 1994). Although this assumption, to our knowledge, has not been tested in any species of wild bird, fecal bacteria may represent cloacal bacteria if feces are collected immediately after ejection from the cloacae as in our study.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Strict anaerobes, such as Clostridium , are part of the normal microbiota of the alimentary tract of chickens (Barrow 1994). Although this may also be the case for wild birds, information about these bacteria is mainly restricted to reports of intestinal anaerobes with lethal effects on hosts (Asaoka et al 2004, Hagen and Bildfell 2007).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of potentially pathogenic culturable bacteria on eggshells and in cloacae of female Pied Flycatchers in a temperate habitat in central Spain

Ruiz-de-Castañeda

Vela

Lobato

et al. 2011

Journal of Field Ornithology

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Bacteria grow on avian eggshells and thus can potentially cause diseases in developing embryos. Little is known about culturable bacteria colonizing avian eggshells in free‐living birds, with most studies restricted to poultry. Our objective was to examine the culturable bacterial array growing on eggshells during incubation that could negatively affect hatching success of Pied Flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) in a temperate montane habitat in central Spain. Cloacal culturable bacteria of females were also analyzed because bacteria can be vertically transmitted from females to eggs. We used fecal samples as surrogates of cloacal samples due to the small size of sampled birds. We found that eggshells and female cloacae of Pied Flycatchers harbored 24 and 40 bacterial families and species, respectively, but only a few in each clutch and each cloaca. Rod‐shaped gram‐negative bacteria and bacteria in the family Pseudomonadaceae were the most common bacteria on eggshells during early and late incubation and in female cloacae. Although based on small sample sizes, we found that females with rod‐shaped gram‐negative bacteria in their cloacae laid eggs that also had these bacteria, providing possible evidence for vertical transmission. We found no evidence for vertical transmission of Pseudomonadaceae, suggesting a possible environmental source for these bacteria. The prevalence of bacterial morphological types and major taxonomical categories on eggshells did not vary from early to late stages of incubation, providing support for the hypothesis that incubation may have bacteriostatic effects on bacterial proliferation on eggshells. Despite being primary egg invaders in poultry, we detected no effects of culturable Pseudomonadaceae or Pseudomonas luteola on hatching success. Our study represents the first to examine the culturable bacteria growing on the eggshells of a wild bird in a temperate habitat and additional studies based on culture‐independent techniques are required to confirm our results.

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Section: Culturable Bacterial Array On Eggshellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 96%

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Prevalence of potentially pathogenic culturable bacteria on eggshells and in cloacae of female Pied Flycatchers in a temperate habitat in central Spain

Ruiz-de-Castañeda

Vela

Lobato

et al. 2011

Journal of Field Ornithology

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“…Changes in gut bacterial loads during this crucial period may be correlated with nestling growth and possibly with survival in the nest and thereby affect avian life histories. We have here analyzed the most prevalent bacterial types in avian guts, namely enterococci and Enterobacteriaceae (Barrow 1994;González et al 2000;Janiga et al 2007). The gut of chicks is colonized by bacteria from hatching, so it is expected that gut bacterial loads increase with age until the establishment of an intestinal balance (Mills et al 1999;Malyszko et al 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related changes in abundance of enterococci and Enterobacteriaceae in Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) nestlings and their association with growth

et al. 2011

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Bacteria have the potential to be important selective forces in the evolution of many aspects of avian biology, including nestling growth. We estimated abundances of two common gut bacterial types in birds (enterococci and Enterobacteriaceae) and their correlation with growth in tarsus length, mass and wing length of 102 nestlings (54 broods) of the Pied Flycatcher, Ficedula hypoleuca, in a population of central Spain. Chicks were weighed and measured on days 7-13 after hatching, at which ages fecal samples were obtained for detection and estimation of abundance of enterococci and Enterobacteriaceae. The loads of the two bacterial types were not correlated. Enterobacterial loads decreased from day 7 to 13, while loads of enterococci increased during the same period. On day 7, loads of Enterobacteriaceae among nest mates were similar whereas loads of enterococci were not similar. On day 13, nest mates did not have similar loads of either bacterial type. Loads of enterococci were positively correlated with body mass and wing length on day 7, but not on day 13. Tarsus growth between days 7 and 13 was negatively correlated with loads of enterococci on day 7. ZusammenfassungAlterungsbedingte Veränderungen in der Abundanz von enterokokken und Enterobacteriaceae und deren Assoziation mit dem Wachstum von Trauerschnäpperkü ken (Ficedula hypoleuca) Bakterien spielen potentiell eine wichtige selektive Rolle in vielen Aspekten der Evolutionsbiologie von Vögeln, einschließlich des Wachstums von Küken. Hier haben wir die Häufigkeit von zwei Darmbakterien (enterokokken und Enterobacteriaceae), welche in Vögeln vorkommen, geschätzt, ebenso wie die Korrelation dieser Bakterienabundanzen mit dem Wachstum von Tarsuslänge, Gewicht und Flügellänge von 102 Nestlingen (54 Bruten) einer Population von Trauerschnäppern (Ficedula hypoleuca) in Zentral-Spanien. Die Küken wurden an Tag 7 und 13 nach dem Schlüpfen gewogen und gemessen an denselben Tagen wurden, zur Erfassung und Abschätzung der Abundanz von enterokokken und Enterobacteriaceae, Kotproben entnommen. Die Abundanzen der beiden Bakterienarten waren nicht miteinander korreliert. Die Abundanz von Enterobacteriaceae verringerte sich von Tag 7 bis Tag 13, während die Abundanz von enterokokken im gleichen Zeitraum anstieg. Am Tag 7 ähnelten sich die Abundanzen von Enterobacteriaceae unter Nestgeschwistern während die der enterokokken variierten. Am Tag 13 waren de Abundanzen von Nestgefährten bei keinem der beiden Bakterienarten ähnlich. Die Abundanzen

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“…For instance, eggs from nest boxes exhibited lower bacterial and fungal growth than eggs from open-cup nests (Godard et al 2007). Parental physiology affects eggshell microbiota through vertical transmission of cloacal microflora (Ruiz-de-Castañeda et al 2011b;Ruiz-De-Castañeda et al 2011c), which has been implicated as a source of bacterial inoculation during egg-laying (Barrow 1994). Finally, parental incubation behavior has been found to either reduce or limit bacterial growth on the eggshell surface (Cook et al 2005b;Shawkey et al 2009;D'Alba et al 2010) or to decrease bacterial and fungal invasion of egg contents by limiting trans-shell infection (Cook et al 2003(Cook et al , 2005a, when compared to eggs that are left exposed (unincubated).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities associated with eggshells during incubation

Grizard

Dini‐Andreote

Tieleman

et al. 2014

Ecology and Evolution

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Microorganisms are closely associated with eggs and may play a determinant role in embryo survival. Yet, the majority of studies focusing on this association relied on culture-based methodology, eventually leading to a skewed assessment of microbial communities. By targeting the 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, we, respectively, described bacterial and fungal communities on eggshells of the homing pigeon Columba livia. We explored their structure, abundance, and composition. Firstly, we showed that sampling technique affected the outcome of the results. While broadly used, the egg swabbing procedure led to a lower DNA extraction efficiency and provided different profiles of bacterial communities than those based on crushed eggshell pieces. Secondly, we observed shifts in bacterial and fungal communities during incubation. At late incubation, bacterial communities showed a reduction in diversity, while their abundance increased, possibly due to the competitive advantage of some species. When compared to their bacterial counterparts, fungal communities also decreased in diversity at late incubation. In that case, however, the decline was associated with a diminution of their overall abundance. Conclusively, our results showed that although incubation might inhibit microbial growth when compared to unincubated eggs, we observed the selective growth of specific bacterial species during incubation. Moreover, we showed that fungi are a substantial component of the microbial communities associated with eggshells and require further investigations in avian ecology. Identifying the functional roles of these microorganisms is likely to provide news insights into the evolutionary strategies that control embryo survival.We aimed to describe the dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities on homing pigeon eggshell surfaces. We investigated these communities at early and late incubation stages.

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The microflora of the alimentary tract and avian pathogens: translocation and vertical transmission

Cited by 18 publications

References 28 publications

Prevalence of potentially pathogenic culturable bacteria on eggshells and in cloacae of female Pied Flycatchers in a temperate habitat in central Spain

Prevalence of potentially pathogenic culturable bacteria on eggshells and in cloacae of female Pied Flycatchers in a temperate habitat in central Spain

Age-related changes in abundance of enterococci and Enterobacteriaceae in Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) nestlings and their association with growth

Dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities associated with eggshells during incubation

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