The microbiota of marketed processed edible insects as revealed by high-throughput sequencing

Garofalo, Cristiana; Osimani, Andrea; Milanović, Vesna; Taccari, Manuela; Cardinali, Federica; Aquilanti, Lucia; Riolo, Paola; Ruschioni, Sara; Isidoro, Nunzio; Clementi, Francesca

doi:10.1016/j.fm.2016.09.012

Cited by 147 publications

(149 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Because they are rich in proteins and micronutrients, such as Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, and Cu, grasshoppers represent a potential food source (Anand and others ). To date, only a very small number of studies have been conducted to evaluate the microbial population within grasshoppers that are intended for human consumption (Giaccone ; Ali and others ; Klunder and others ; Osimani and others ; Stoops and others , Garofalo and others ). Even less investigated is the occurrence of transferable resistance in grasshopper food products available on the European market (Milanović and others ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transferable Antibiotic Resistances in Marketed Edible Grasshoppers (Locusta migratoria migratorioides)

Osimani

Garofalo

Aquilanti

et al. 2017

Journal of Food Science

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Grasshoppers are the most commonly eaten insects by humans worldwide, as they are rich in proteins and micronutrients. This study aimed to assess the occurrence of transferable antibiotic resistance genes in commercialized edible grasshoppers. To this end, the prevalence of 12 selected genes [aac(6')-Ie aph(2″)-Ia, blaZ, erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), mecA, tet(M), tet(O), tet(S), tet(K), vanA, vanB] coding for resistance to antibiotics conventionally used in clinical practice was determined. The majority of samples were positive for tet(M) (70.0%), tet(K) (83.3%) and blaZ (83.3%). A low percentage of samples were positive for erm(B) (16.7%), erm(C) (26.7%), and aac(6')-Ie aph(2″)-Ia (13.3%), whereas no samples were positive for erm(A), vanA, vanB, tet(O), and mecA. Cluster analysis identified 4 main clusters, allowing a separation of samples on the basis of their country of origin.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The DNA from the bacterial strains used as positive and negative controls was extracted as described by Osimani and others (). The PowerFood Microbial DNA Isolation Kit (Mo Bio Laboratories, Carlsbad, Calif., U.S.A.) was used for direct microbial DNA extraction from grasshoppers (Garofalo and others ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transferable Antibiotic Resistances in Marketed Edible Grasshoppers (Locusta migratoria migratorioides)

Osimani

Garofalo

Aquilanti

et al. 2017

Journal of Food Science

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“…For example, Garofalo et al. () identified a low abundance of reads, taxonomically assigned to Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Listeria spp. and Bacillus spp., previously not detected by culturable methods.…”

Section: Biological Hazardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel foods: a risk profile for the house cricket (Acheta domesticus)

Fernández-Cassi¹,

Supeanu²,

Jansson³

et al. 2018

EFS2

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Novel foods could represent a sustainable alternative to traditional farming and conventional foodstuffs. Starting in 2018, Regulation (EU) 2283/2015 entered into force, laying down provisions for the approval of novel foods in Europe, including insects. This Approved Regulation establishes the requirements that enable Food Business Operators to bring new foods into the EU market, while ensuring high levels of food safety for European consumers. The present risk profile tackles the hazards for one of the most promising novel food insects, the house cricket (Acheta domesticus). The risk profile envisages a closed A. domesticus crickets rearing system, under Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) and good farming practices (GFP), in contrast with open cricket farms. The methodology used involves screening the literature and identifying possible hazards, followed by adding relevant inclusion criteria for the evidence obtained. These criteria include animal health and food safety aspects, for the entire lifespan of crickets, based on the farm to fork One Health principle. When data were scarce, comparative evidence from close relatives of the Orthoptera genus was used (e.g. grasshoppers, locusts and other cricket species). Nevertheless, significant data gaps in animal health and food safety are present. Even if HACCP‐type systems are implemented, the risk profile identifies the following considerable concerns: (1) high total aerobic bacterial counts; (2) survival of spore‐forming bacteria following thermal processing; (3) allergenicity of insects and insect‐derived products; and (4) the bioaccumulation of heavy metals (e.g. cadmium). Other hazards like parasites, fungi, viruses, prions, antimicrobial resistance and toxins are ranked as low risk. For some hazards, a need for additional evidence is highlighted.

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“…The pulverized larvae also contained 7.2 log CFU/g enterobacteria, 3.6 log CFU/g endospores, and up to 5.3 log CFU/g yeast and fungi [43,45,46]. The log CFU/g values decreased to less than two when the larvae were not completely pulverized before measuring the microbial load [48], but this could reflect the trapping of microbes in the gut, which would prevent their cultivation, although they would still be found in the final product. Even so, the high microbial load in the mealworms did not include typical food-borne pathogens such as Salmonella spp.…”

Section: Microbial Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These are Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria with probiotic properties in humans, although some species are opportunistic pathogens [51,52]. Another study found that the three dominant bacterial phyla were Tenericutes (44.2%), Proteobacteria (39.22%) and Firmicutes (13.09%), and the genus Spiroplasma was the most abundant OTU (44.1%) [48]. A third study confirmed the dominance of Tenericutes (36.6%), Proteobacteria (34.1%), and Firmicutes (26.2%), and at the genus level also Spiroplasma (38.7%) [53].…”

Section: Microbial Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable farming of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor for the production of food and feed

Grau

Vilcinskas

Joop

2017

Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung C

131

100

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Abstract:The farming of edible insects is an alternative strategy for the production of protein-rich food and feed with a low ecological footprint. The industrial production of insect-derived protein is more cost-effective and energy-efficient than livestock farming or aquaculture. The mealworm Tenebrio molitor is economically among the most important species used for the large-scale conversion of plant biomass into protein. Here, we review the mass rearing of this species and its conversion into food and feed, focusing on challenges such as the contamination of food/feed products with bacteria from the insect gut and the risk of rapidly spreading pathogens and parasites. We propose solutions to prevent the outbreak of infections among farmed insects without reliance on antibiotics. Transgenerational immune priming and probiotic bacteria may provide alternative strategies for sustainable insect farming.

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The microbiota of marketed processed edible insects as revealed by high-throughput sequencing

Cited by 147 publications

References 43 publications

Transferable Antibiotic Resistances in Marketed Edible Grasshoppers (Locusta migratoria migratorioides)

Transferable Antibiotic Resistances in Marketed Edible Grasshoppers (Locusta migratoria migratorioides)

Novel foods: a risk profile for the house cricket (Acheta domesticus)

Sustainable farming of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor for the production of food and feed

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