The microbiota in eosinophilic esophagitis: A systematic review

Abstract

Author contribution: KAA meditated the project, reviewed papers and drafted the paper. EQA and GB contributed to the design of the study and review of papers identified at each stage. EH, JM, SK and AC provided manuscript concept, revised the drafts and critically edited the manuscript.

Eosinophilic Esophagitis—What Do We Know So Far?

“…Patients with active EoE present changes in the esophageal microbiota and increased or decreased levels of particular species such as Haemophilus Fusobacterium, Aggregatibacter, and Actinomyces. However, studies show conflicting results for individual families, such as Streptococcaceae [ 52 ]. It may be worth focusing on Haemophilus because some studies demonstrated that their abundance was particularly high in EoE subjects, and it is associated with a range of other Th2-mediated conditions [ 52 ].…”

Allergic Inflammation: Effect of Propolis and Its Flavonoids

“…They make up to 90% of the cells in a ratio of 10:1. The microbiome’s composition is highly dynamic and dependent on host-associated factors such as age, diet, and environmental conditions [ 194 , 195 , 196 , 197 , 198 ] with the major phyla being Actinobacteria , Bacteroidetes , Firmicutes , and Proteobacteria . Diet, age, stress, antibiotics, xenobiotics, viruses, bacteria, parasites and diseases increase or decrease the relative abundance and diversity of bacterial species in the GI and other body sites.…”

“…Diet, age, stress, antibiotics, xenobiotics, viruses, bacteria, parasites and diseases increase or decrease the relative abundance and diversity of bacterial species in the GI and other body sites. Alterations in GI tract bacterial levels or diversity (dysbiosis) can disrupt mucosal immunological tolerance, leading to allergic diseases including food allergy (FA) [ 195 , 199 ] and asthma and other infectious disorders [ 195 , 196 , 197 , 198 , 199 , 200 , 201 , 202 ]. Allergic diseases include heterogeneous inflammatory pathologies, such as respiratory and food allergies (FA), which are characterized by an immunological response with Th2 lymphocytes producing IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and low production of IFN-γ [ 195 , 199 ] and (Th9) producing IL-9 and IL-10 [ 196 ] as the main effector T cells.…”

“…Allergic diseases include heterogeneous inflammatory pathologies, such as respiratory and food allergies (FA), which are characterized by an immunological response with Th2 lymphocytes producing IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and low production of IFN-γ [ 195 , 199 ] and (Th9) producing IL-9 and IL-10 [ 196 ] as the main effector T cells. They promote the induction of other effector cells involved in allergic inflammation, such as mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils [ 197 , 198 ]. According to reference [ 203 ], different levels of host-microbe interactions can be distinguished including: (1) microbe-gut epithelium interaction; (2) microbe-immune system interaction; (3) microbe-microbe interaction.…”

“…Food contaminants entering the body through the oral route are directly exposed to the action of gut microflora, which play a considerable role in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous substances in the diet, food digestion, xenobiotic metabolism and regulation of innate and adaptive immunological processes. Imbalance of gut bacteria composition could be important in the context of health or disease [ 195 , 196 , 197 , 198 , 199 , 200 , 201 ]. Thus, early-life exposure is critical for the microbiome development.…”