The Microbiome’s Function in Disorders of the Urinary Bladder

Abstract

The introduction of next generation sequencing techniques has enabled the characterization of the urinary tract microbiome, which resulted in the rejection of the long-held notion of urinary bladder sterility. Since the discovery and confirmation of the human bladder microbiome, an increasing number of studies have defined this microbial community and understand better its relationship to urinary pathologies. The composition of microbial communities in the urinary tract is linked to a variety of urinary diseases. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of current information about the urinary microbiome and diseases as well as the development of novel treatment methods.

β-Defensin 2, an Antimicrobial Peptide, as a Novel Biomarker for Ulcerative Interstitial Cystitis; Can β-Defensin 2 Suspect the Dysbiosis of Urine Microbiota?

“…CD is associated with damage to the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer, which appears to exhibit histopathological characteristics similar to those of IC. This suggests a new possibility that the immune inflammatory reaction is caused by dysbiosis of the microbiota in the bladder rather than simply causing IC/BPS due to infection by specific bacteria [7,22,23].…”

The Urinary Microbiome: Role in Bladder Cancer and Treatment

“…As was previously described, determining commensal microbes as “beneficial” is challenging; additionally, several studies have reported interpersonal variation even among healthy patients [ 8 , 24 , 37 ]. Recently, dysbiosis of the urinary microbiome has been linked to pathological conditions such as urinary urge incontinence, interstitial cystitis, and overactive bladder [ 10 , 29 , 30 , 38 ]. Although a similar speculation was made for BC patients, it is still unknown whether dysbiosis of the urinary microbiome at baseline precedes and is a risk factor for BC, or whether BC is responsible for the alteration of the microbiome.…”