The microbiome of the nose

Abstract

The nasal microbiome is a diverse community of microorganisms that can be found throughout the nose and sinuses. Bacteria in the nose and nasal microbiome profiles can be detected shortly after birth. Staphylococcus aureus is a key pathogenic bacterium in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps; however, this may dependent on the phenotype and severity of disease. Probiotics can potentially improve clinical efficacy of immunotherapies and antihistamines in treatment plans of allergic rhinitis, but this requires further evidence. Instructions Credit can now be obtained, free for a limited time, by reading the review article and completing all activity components. Please note the instructions listed below: • Review the target audience, learning objectives and all disclosures. • Complete the pre-test. • Read the article and reflect on all content as to how it may be applicable to your practice. • Complete the post-test/evaluation and claim credit earned. At this time, physicians will have earned up to 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit TM. Minimum passing score on the post-test is 70%. Overall Purpose Participants will be able to demonstrate increased knowledge of the clinical treatment of allergy/asthma/immunology and how new information can be applied to their own practices.

Association of the sinonasal bacterial microbiome with clinical outcomes in chronic rhinosinusitis: a systematic review

“…The concern for microbiome dysbiosis has prompted extensive study to elucidate specific components of the sinonasal microbiome. In healthy sinuses, the microflora includes aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in addition to fungi, including but not limited to: Staphylococcus , Streptococcus , Haemophilus , Propionibacterium , Corynebacterium , Prevotella , Porphyromonas , Fusobacterium , Peptostreptococcus , Candida , Aspergillus , Streptomyces , Penicillium , Nocardia , and Mucor 15‐17 . Studies have illustrated that the microbiomes of patients with CRS are qualitatively similar, but with alterations in population diversity.…”

What Are the Molecular Mechanisms by Which Functional Bacterial Amyloids Influence Amyloid Beta Deposition and Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders?

“…This is especially important in neurodegeneration, as hyposmia is a feature of both AD and Parkinson's disease (PD). Furthermore, the proximity of the brain to the nose (which has its own microbiota) demonstrates the opportunity for interactions between olfactory receptors, microbes and microbial metabolites [25,26]. The mouth is also a critical ecological niche for hundreds of different bacterial species in humans.…”

Characterization and Analysis of The Nasal Microbiota and Plasmatic Extracellular Vesicles in Allergic Rhinitis: A Case-Control Study

“…A wide range of evidence has indicated the relevance of the lower respiratory tract microbiota to lung homeostasis and disease [9][10][11]. Nonetheless, the critical role of the bacterial nasal microbiota (bNM) in modulating the allergic response has been recently postulated, as a signi cant association between microbial composition and the onset and progression of allergic in ammation was consistently reported [7,[12][13][14]. The nasal epithelial surface is usually colonized by niche-speci c bacteria, which includes a variety of commensal and pathobiont bacteria, belonging to the Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla, dominated by Corynebacterium spp., Propionibacterium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Finegoldia sp., Peptoniphilus sp., and Moraxella spp.…”

“…The nasal epithelial surface is usually colonized by niche-speci c bacteria, which includes a variety of commensal and pathobiont bacteria, belonging to the Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla, dominated by Corynebacterium spp., Propionibacterium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Finegoldia sp., Peptoniphilus sp., and Moraxella spp. genera respectively [14,15]. Forming an interface between the external environment and the nasal epithelium, the bNM can be considered as a gatekeeper of respiratory health, regulating the host immunity and reducing the likelihood of pathobionts from establishing an infection [16,17].…”

“…Dysbiosis has been detected in the inferior turbinate mucosa of AR patients, showing a decreased microbiome diversity and an anaerobic taxa enrichment [21]. In addition, modi cations in the bNM were also identi ed in respiratory conditions such as chronic rhinosinusitis, cystic brosis and asthma [14,[22][23][24].…”