The microbiome of the lung

Beck, James M.; Young, Vincent B.; Huffnagle, Gary B.

doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2012.02.005

Cited by 311 publications

(290 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…These differences could be explained by the unique immune system present in the lungs. Although healthy lungs were previously regarded as a sterile environment, accumulating evidence demonstrated the presence of a microbiome in lungs and its association with lung diseases (60,61). Thus, lungs may have a distinct immune system reminiscent of that in the intestine or skin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

B Cell–Intrinsic MyD88 Signaling Is Essential for IgE Responses in Lungs Exposed to Pollen Allergens

Matsushita

Yoshimoto

2014

The Journal of Immunology

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Allergen-specific IgE is linked to asthma pathogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms of IgE production in response to allergen exposure are poorly understood. In this article, we show that B cell–intrinsic MyD88 is essential for IgE/IgG1 production evoked by ragweed pollen instilled into lungs. MyD88-deficient mice showed defective IgE/IgG1 production and germinal center responses to lung instillation of ragweed pollen. However, MyD88 was dispensable for dendritic cell activation and Th2 cell development. B cell–specific deletion of MyD88 replicated the defective Ab production observed in MyD88-deficient mice. Although ragweed pollen contains TLR ligands, TLR2/4/9-deficient mice developed normal allergic responses to ragweed pollen. However, anti–IL-1R1 Ab-treated mice and IL-18–deficient mice showed decreased IgE/IgG1 production with normal Th2 development. Furthermore, B cell–specific MyD88-deficient mice showed reduced IgE/IgG1 production in response to lung instillation of OVA together with IL-1α, IL-1β, or IL-18. Thus, pollen instillation into lungs induces IL-1α/β and IL-18 production, which activates B cell–intrinsic MyD88 signaling to promote germinal center responses and IgE/IgG1 production.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

B Cell–Intrinsic MyD88 Signaling Is Essential for IgE Responses in Lungs Exposed to Pollen Allergens

Matsushita

Yoshimoto

2014

The Journal of Immunology

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“…can mask the detection and diversity of low-abundance organisms. In addition, current fungal culture techniques may be inadequate to optimally cultivate organisms that require microbe-microbe interactions because culture fails to reproduce ecological niches and symbiotic relationships encountered in the natural environment (Carraro et al 2011, Beck et al 2012. The culturable fraction also is distorted because replication times vary among microorganisms and fast-growing species efficiently outcompete others (Nocker et al 2007).…”

Section: Methods For Characterizing the Gastrointestinal Fungal Commumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aspergillus fumigatus is the most prevalent species of the 200 aspergilli described and is the main cause of human infections (Dagenais and Keller 2009); A. flavus, A. glaucus, A. niger, A. nidulans, A. parasiticus and A. terreus also are commonly associated with aspergillosis (Moore et al 2011). Numerous species of Aspergillus have been reported in the GI tract of humans (TABLE I), some likely due to transit from the airways (Beck et al 2012). Aspergillus species clearly possess the ability to survive in and colonize the human body; however, species detected in the gut also are common in the environment and/or colonizing food, and their presence in the gut is likely a reflection of general abundance rather than of persistent colonization.…”

Section: The Gut Mycobiome In Healthy and Diseased Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The human gut mycobiome: pitfalls and potentials--a mycologists perspective

2015

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Abstract:We have entered the Age of the Microbiome, with new studies appearing constantly and whole journals devoted to the human microbiome. While bacteria outnumber other gut microbes by orders of magnitude, eukaryotes are consistently found in the human gut and are represented primarily by the fungi. Compiling 36 studies 1917-2015 we found at least 267 distinct fungal taxa have been reported from the human gut, and seemingly every new study includes one or more fungi not previously described from this niche. This diversity, while impressive, is illusory. If we examine gut fungi, we will quickly observe a division between a small number of commonly detected species (Candida yeasts, Saccharomyces and yeasts in the Dipodascaceae, and Malassezia species) and a long tail of taxa that have been reported only once. Furthermore, an investigation into the ecology of these rare species reveals that many of them are incapable of colonization or long-term persistence in the gut. This paper examines what we know and have yet to learn about the fungal component of the gut microbiome, or "mycobiome", and an overview of methods. We address the potential of the field while introducing some caveats and argue for the necessity of including mycologists in mycobiome studies.

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“…Streptococcus is a common constituent of the human microbiome, and several Streptococcus species are associated with diseases in humans, including respiratory tract infections. 34,[37][38][39] Several bacterial genera commonly associated with otitis media, including Moraxella, and Haemophilus as well as Streptococcus 40 , were detected in the sequence analysis of exhaust dust samples. The genus Corynebacterium contains several medically important species that are pathogens or opportunistic pathogens.…”

Section: Bacterial Composition Of Filter Dustmentioning

confidence: 99%

The bacterial composition of ventilation filter dust in Norwegian pre-school nurseries

Nygaard

Charnock

2017

Indoor and Built Environment

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Abstract:The microbial content of dust collected from intake and exhaust air filters in six Norwegian nurseries was determined using 16S rRNA pyrosequencing and plate count analyses. The concentration of endotoxins was also estimated. About 96% of the sequences were classified as Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Cyanobacteria. At the genus level, about 30% of sequences from the exhaust filter were classified as bacteria of probable human origin, such as Streptococcus and Corynebacterium species. These were close to absent in intake dust samples (<1%). This suggests that occupancy shapes the indoor microbiota, creating an environment relatively rich in genera of potential health significance. There were significantly greater counts of culturable bacteria in exhaust samples, indicating that passage of air through the nursery causes deterioration in the general air quality. Although there was significantly more endotoxin in exhaust dust, the endotoxin levels per colony forming unit were similar in both samples. The present study is the first of its kind in Norwegian nurseries, and is important as it reveals which groups of microorganisms nursery occupants are exposed to. In addition to possible direct health issues, the nature of our early exposure to microbes may be significant in the development of immunological conditions. AbstractThe microbial content of dust collected from intake and exhaust air filters in six Norwegian nurseries was determined using 16S rRNA pyrosequencing and plate count analyses. The concentration of endotoxins was also estimated. About 96% of the sequences were classified as Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Cyanobacteria. At the genus level, about 30% of sequences from the exhaust filter were classified as bacteria of probable human origin, such as Streptococcus and Corynebacterium species. These were close to absent in intake dust samples (<1%). This suggests that occupancy shapes the indoor microbiota, creating an environment relatively rich in genera of potential health significance. There were significantly greater counts of culturable bacteria in exhaust samples, indicating that passage of air through the nursery causes deterioration in the general air quality. Although there was significantly more endotoxin in exhaust dust, the endotoxin levels per colony forming unit were similar in both samples. The present study is the first of its kind in Norwegian nurseries, and is important as it reveals which groups of microorganisms nursery occupants are exposed to. In addition to possible direct health issues, the nature of our early exposure to microbes may be significant in the development of immunological conditions.

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The microbiome of the lung

Cited by 311 publications

References 87 publications

B Cell–Intrinsic MyD88 Signaling Is Essential for IgE Responses in Lungs Exposed to Pollen Allergens

B Cell–Intrinsic MyD88 Signaling Is Essential for IgE Responses in Lungs Exposed to Pollen Allergens

The human gut mycobiome: pitfalls and potentials--a mycologists perspective

The bacterial composition of ventilation filter dust in Norwegian pre-school nurseries

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