The microbiome of professional athletes differs from that of more sedentary subjects in composition and particularly at the functional metabolic level

Barton, Wiley; Penney, Nicholas; Cronin, Owen; García-Pérez, Isabel; Molloy, Michael G.; Holmes, Elaine; Shanahan, Fergus; Cotter, Paul D.; O'Sullivan, Órla

doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313627

Cited by 383 publications

(515 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…28 When the metabolic profile and functional capacity of the gut microbiota were examined, compared to control groups, athletes had relative increase in pathways related to amino acid and antibiotic biosynthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as increased levels of fecal metabolites (e.g., SCFAs) associated with enhanced muscle turnover and overall health. 29 …”

Section: Physical Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Factors, Gut Microbiota, and Colorectal Cancer Prevention

Song

Chan

2019

Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology

223

157

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The substantial burden of colorectal cancer and increasing trend in young adults highlight the importance of lifestyle modification as a complement to screening for colorectal cancer prevention. Several dietary and lifestyle factors have been implicated in the development of colorectal cancer, possibly through the intricate metabolic and inflammatory mechanisms. Likewise, as a key metabolic and immune regulator, the gut microbiota has been recognized to play an important role in colorectal tumorigenesis. Increasing data support that environmental factors are crucial determinants for the gut microbial composition and function, whose alterations induce changes in the host gene expression, metabolic regulation, and local and systemic immune response, thereby influencing cancer development. Here, we review the epidemiologic and mechanistic evidence regarding the links between diet and lifestyle and the gut microbiota in the development of colorectal cancer. We focus on factors for which substantial data support their importance for colorectal cancer and their potential role in the gut microbiota, including overweight and obesity, physical activity, dietary patterns, fiber, red and processed meat, marine omega-3 fatty acid, alcohol, and smoking. We also briefly describe other colorectal cancer-preventive factors for which the links with the gut microbiota have been suggested but remain to be mechanistically characterized, including vitamin D status, dairy consumption, and metformin use. Given limitations in available evidence, we highlight the need for further investigations in the relationship between environmental factors, gut microbiota, and colorectal cancer, which may lead to development and clinical translation of potential microbiota-based strategies for cancer prevention.

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Section: Physical Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Factors, Gut Microbiota, and Colorectal Cancer Prevention

Song

Chan

2019

Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology

223

157

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“…Birth by vaginal delivery, breast-fed by a well-nourished mother and avoidance of antibiotics in infancy are a good start. Healthy lifestyle factors under one's control and within the scope of common sense include: a diversified diet, limited use of processed foods, avoidance of prolonged restricted diets, consumption of adequate dietary fibre, exercise95 and moderation in all respects are all supported by modern microbiome science.…”

Section: Concluding Commentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding the microbiota: transducer of nutrient signals for the host

Shanahan

Sinderen

O’Toole

et al. 2017

Gut

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137

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Advances in microbiome science cast light on traditional concepts on nutritional science, and are poised for clinical translation. Epidemiologic observations which linked lifestyle factors to risk of disease are being re-interpreted with mechanistic insight based on improved understanding of the microbiota. Examples include the role of dietary fibre in disease prevention, the deleterious effects of highly restricted diets, and the contribution of the microbiota to over- and undernutrition. While the microbiota transduces nutrient signals for the host, food and habitual diet shape the composition of the gut microbiota at every stage of life. The composition and diversity of food intake determines which microbes will colonise, flourish, persist, or become extinct. Disruption of the developing microbiota in infancy contributes to the risk of immune and metabolic disease in later life, whereas loss of microbes in the elderly due to monotonous diets has been linked with unhealthy ageing and frailty. This should influence modern dietary advice regarding prevention and management of chronic non-communicable inflammatory and metabolic disorders, and will inform the design of infant and future food formula. The microbiota profile is also emerging as a biomarker to predict responsiveness to dietary interventions and promises to make personalised nutrition a reality.

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“…Thus, it is clear that different microbial populations may react to local environmental cues that can be regulated by the gut microbiota . While the composition of the gut microbiota varies greatly among individuals, alterations to the balance of common gut microbes may affect production of the short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) butyrate, propionate, and acetate, which are products of intestinal bacterial fermentation. The levels of SCFAs in the intestinal tract are influenced by the microbial composition .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%