The Microbiome in Comedonal Contents of Inflammatory Acne Vulgaris is Composed of an Overgrowth of Cutibacterium Spp. and Other Cutaneous Microorganisms

Akaza, Narifumi; Takasaki, Kazuto; Nishiyama, Eri; Usui, Atsuko; Miura, Shiori; Yokoi, Aya; Futamura, Kenta; Suzuki, Kayoko; Yashiro, Youichi; Yagami, Akiko

doi:10.2147/ccid.s379609

Cited by 9 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…They found that Malassezia restricta and Staphylococcus epidermidis might play the same important role as Cutibacterium acnes in the development of inflammatory lesions in acne patients due to they have the similar proliferation trends. Notably, the same findings were also reported in a recent study that detect the skin microorganisms of Japanese acne subjects ( Akaza et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Body site is one of the important factors influencing the composition of skin microbiota, its impact is even higher than ethnicity in some reports ( Perez Perez et al, 2016 ). Although there were reports that obtain samples from different acne sites, most of them just paid attention to facial acne or lack detailed reports because of too less samples for each site ( Kim et al, 2021 ; Shi et al, 2021 ; Akaza et al, 2022 ). Thus, it is deserved to systematically investigate the structural characteristics of the skin microbiota in different acne areas and to excavate the biomarkers of sampling sites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New insights into the characteristic skin microorganisms in different grades of acne and different acne sites

Guo

Yang

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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BackgroundThe increasing maturity of sequencing technology provides a convenient approach to studying the role of skin microorganisms in acne pathogenesis. However, there are still too few studies about the skin microbiota of Asian acne patients, especially a lack of detailed analysis of the characteristics of the skin microbiota in the different acne sites.MethodsIn this study, a total of 34 college students were recruited and divided into the health, mild acne, and severe acne groups. The bacterial and fungal flora of samples were separately detected by 16S and 18S rRNA gene sequencing. The biomarkers of different acne grades and different acne sites [forehead, cheek, chin, torso (including chest and back)] were excavated.Results and DiscussionOur results indicated that there was no significant difference in species diversity between groups. The genera like Propionibacterium, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, and Malassezia, which have a relatively high abundance in the skin microbiota and were reported as the most acne-associated microbes, were no obvious differences between groups. On the contrary, the abundance of less reported Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, and Pseudidiomarina) and Candida has a significant alteration. Compared with the health group and the mild group, in the severe group, the abundance of Pseudomonas and Ralstonia sharply reduced while that of Pseudidiomarina and Candida remarkably raised. Moreover, different acne sites have different numbers and types of biomarkers. Among the four acne sites, the cheek has the greatest number of biomarkers including Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Pseudidiomarina, Malassezia, Saccharomyces, and Candida, while no biomarker was observed for the forehead. The network analysis indicated that there might be a competitive relationship between Pseudomonas and Propionibacterium. This study would provide a new insight and theoretical basis for precise and personalized acne microbial therapy.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New insights into the characteristic skin microorganisms in different grades of acne and different acne sites

Guo

Yang

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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“…The skin sebum is an important component of the skin barrier and plays a critical role in maintaining skin moisture, reducing TEWL, protecting the skin against the external environment (e.g., ultraviolet (UV) light), and sustaining skin barrier function 17–20 . Additionally, the sebum content influences the skin microbiome, which could adversely affect skin conditions and lead to inflammation and skin disorders 21 . Therefore, the sebum level is an important parameter widely used in clinical diagnostics and cosmetic applications 22–24 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An optimal method for quantifying the facial sebum level and characterizing facial sebum features

Liu,

Jiang,

Tang

et al. 2023

Skin Research and Technology

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BackgroundEvidence suggests that sebum content is important in skin disorders such as acne. However, sebum levels change depending on the external environment, and quantifying skin sebum levels is challenging. Here, we propose an optimal method for quantifying the facial sebum level.Materials and methodsFour hundred and sixty participants (160 males and 300 females) aged 20–40 were enrolled in this study. A Sebumeter SM 810 was used to measure the sebum level at five facial locations: the forehead, the chin, the left cheek, the right cheek, and the nose. The participants were divided into two groups; one group underwent a one‐time measurement (n = 390, male: female = 120: 270), and the other underwent three consecutive measurements (n = 70, male: female = 40: 30). The casual sebum level (CSL) was measured in all patients after a 30‐min acclimatization; subsequently, the sebum removal process was conducted, followed by a resting period of 1 h to determine the sebum excretion rate (SER). Spearman's correlation analysis and the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test were used to compare the sebum level consistency and differences between the groups.ResultsAlthough three consecutive measurements better reflected the sebum content, the one‐time measurement also represented the relative sebum level. One hour after sebum removal, the sebum level recovered to 70%–90%; thus, this method was applicable for use in SER quantification. Of the five testing points, the sebum content was highest in the nose and lowest in the cheeks (both left and right). In addition, the cheeks were the most stable sites in terms of testing points, testing times, and CSL/SER values. A one‐time measurement of the CSL could represent the SER 1 h after the sebum removal. In our cohort, the sebum level of males with oily skin was decreased at age 32–35, and that of males with non‐oily skin increased at 28–35. The opposite trend was observed in female participants.ConclusionSebum measurement methods were assessed, including testing times, indices (interval of time) and sites in a conditioned external environment. A one‐time measurement of the CSL 1 h after sebum removal was sufficient to determine the sebum level and SER, and the cheeks are recommended as the testing site. Sex and skin type differences were observed in sebum level changes with age.

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“…However, even now, with a lot of pieces of knowledge about the pathogenesis of acne, the exact cause has yet to be discovered. 1 , 2 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, even now, with a lot of pieces of knowledge about the pathogenesis of acne, the exact cause has yet to be discovered. 1,2 Malassezia folliculitis (MF) results from an overgrowth of Malassezia yeasts, which are normal skin flora. The abnormal proliferation of yeast can cause inflammation of the hair follicles by two possible mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Clinical Characterization of Malassezia folliculitis in Patients Clinically Diagnosed with Acne Vulgaris

Paichitrojjana¹,

Chalermchai²

2022

CCID

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Background The clinical presentation of Malassezia folliculitis (MF) can imitate acne vulgaris (AV), making it difficult to distinguish between the two conditions. Moreover, MF can coexist with AV in the same patient. The incidence of MF in patients clinically diagnosed with AV may be underestimated. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, associated factors, and clinical characterization of MF patients diagnosed with AV. Materials and Methods Three hundred twenty new acne patients were questioned regarding general information, including age, sex, itchy symptoms, and past treatment history with antibiotics and steroids within four weeks. Clinical presentations of AV (location and severity), dandruff, and seborrheic dermatitis were examined by a dermatologist. Cytologic studies to determine the abnormal proliferation of Malassezia yeasts were performed from pustules or, in the absence of pustules, comedo-like papules, and comedones. The smears were stained with methylene blue and evaluated under a light microscope by the researcher. Results The prevalence of MF in patients clinically diagnosed with AV was 28.8% (95% Confidence interval: CI = 23.8% - 33.7%), which can be classified as 24.7% were AV with MF and the remaining 4.1% were MF only. This study revealed that patients diagnosed with MF were 7.38 times more likely to have itchy symptoms than patients diagnosed with AV. MF patients had 8.89 times and 9.17 times higher risk of acneiform lesions on the scalp/ hairline and upper back than those who did not have MF, respectively. Conclusion This present study revealed a high prevalence of MF in patients clinically diagnosed with AV. Dermatologists should be aware of MF when encountering AV patients with acneiform lesions on the scalp/ hairline and upper back with pruritus. Diagnosis based on clinical presentations alone may lead to misdiagnosis. Methylene blue staining is easy to perform and beneficial to diagnose MF.

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The Microbiome in Comedonal Contents of Inflammatory Acne Vulgaris is Composed of an Overgrowth of Cutibacterium Spp. and Other Cutaneous Microorganisms

Cited by 9 publications

References 27 publications

New insights into the characteristic skin microorganisms in different grades of acne and different acne sites

New insights into the characteristic skin microorganisms in different grades of acne and different acne sites

An optimal method for quantifying the facial sebum level and characterizing facial sebum features

The Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Clinical Characterization of Malassezia folliculitis in Patients Clinically Diagnosed with Acne Vulgaris

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