The microbiology of butyrate formation in the human colon

Pryde, Susan E.; Duncan, Sylvia H.; Hold, Georgina L.; Stewart, C. S.; Flint, Harry J.

doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11467.x

Cited by 1,095 publications

(524 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The clostridial targets selected for this study represent colonic butyrate-producing bacteria, assisting in the conversion of polysaccharides to monosaccharides and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) constituting energy for the host (77,78). The development of abundances of the selected taxa C. butyricum, C. leptum group, C. coccoides group, E. hallii, and Roseburia spp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of Intestinal Microbiota during Early Life: a Longitudinal, Explorative Study of a Large Cohort of Danish Infants

Bergström

Skov

Bahl

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

411

316

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bFecal samples were obtained from a cohort of 330 healthy Danish infants at 9, 18, and 36 months after birth, enabling characterization of interbacterial relationships by use of quantitative PCR targeting 31 selected bacterial 16S rRNA gene targets representing different phylogenetic levels. Nutritional parameters and measures of growth and body composition were determined and investigated in relation to the observed development in microbiota composition. We found that significant changes in the gut microbiota occurred, particularly from age 9 to 18 months, when cessation of breastfeeding and introduction of a complementary feeding induce replacement of a microbiota characterized by lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and Enterobacteriaceae with a microbiota dominated by Clostridium spp. and Bacteroides spp. Classification of samples by a proxy enterotype based on the relative levels of Bacteroides spp. and Prevotella spp. showed that enterotype establishment occurs between 9 and 36 months. Thirty percent of the individuals shifted enterotype between 18 and 36 months. The composition of the microbiota was most pronouncedly influenced by the time of cessation of breastfeeding. From 9 to 18 months, a positive correlation was observed between the increase in body mass index and the increase of the short-chain-fatty-acid-producing clostridia, the Clostridum leptum group, and Eubacterium hallii. Considering previously established positive associations between rapid infant weight gain, early breastfeeding discontinuation, and later-life obesity, the corresponding microbial findings seen here warrant attention.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of Intestinal Microbiota during Early Life: a Longitudinal, Explorative Study of a Large Cohort of Danish Infants

Bergström

Skov

Bahl

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

411

316

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show abstract

“…Lactic acid concentrations in the cecum are usually low in the older bird, since lactic acid is a substrate for butyrate-producing bacteria, such as Clostridium, Faecalibacterium, and Ruminococcus spp. (59,60).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Succession in the Broiler Gastrointestinal Tract

Ranjitkar

Lawley

Tannock

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

111

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bA feeding trial was performed with broilers receiving a diet of wheat-based feed (WBF), maize-based feed (MBF), or maize-based concentrates supplemented with 15% or 30% crimped kernel maize silage (CKMS-15 or CKMS-30, respectively). The aim of the study was to investigate the bacterial community compositions of the crop, gizzard, ileum, and cecum contents in relation to the feeding strategy and age (8, 15, 22, 25, 29, or 36 days). Among the four dietary treatments, bacterial diversity was analyzed for MBF and CKMS-30 by 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Since the diets had no significant influence on bacterial diversity, data were pooled for downstream analysis. With increasing age, a clear succession of bacterial communities and increased bacterial diversity were observed. Lactobacillaceae (belonging mainly to the genus Lactobacillus) represented most of the Firmicutes at all ages and in all segments of the gut except the cecum. The development of a "mature" microbiota in broilers occurred during the period from days 15 to 22. Striking increases in the relative abundances of Lactobacillus salivarius (17 to 36%) and clostridia (11 to 18%), and a concomitant decrease in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus reuteri, were found in the ileum after day 15. The concentration of deconjugated bile salts increased in association with the increased populations of L. salivarius and clostridia. Both L. salivarius and clostridia deconjugate bile acids, and increases in the abundances of these bacteria might be associated with growth reduction and gastrointestinal (GI) disorders occurring in the critical period of broiler life between days 20 and 30.

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“…These reagents are not just of experimental interest. The salts of various shortchain fatty acids, including sodium butyrate, are present at millimolar concentrations in the large intestine in humans and rodents, largely produced by endogenous bacteria (Pryde et al 2002;Louis & Flint 2009). There is evidence to suggest that their intra-intestinal concentrations are influenced by diet and they have been implicated in protection against colon cancer (Dashwood & Ho 2007;Waldecker et al 2008).…”

Section: Environmentally Induced Epigenetic Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Epigenetic responses to environmental change and their evolutionary implications

Turner

2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

228

171

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Chromatin is a complex of DNA, RNA, histones and non-histone proteins and provides the platform on which the transcriptional machinery operates in eukaryotes. The structure and configuration of chromatin are manipulated by families of enzymes, some catalysing the dynamic addition and removal of chemical ligands to selected protein amino acids and some directly altering or displacing the basic structural units. The activities of many of these enzymes are sensitive to environmental and metabolic agents and can thereby serve as sensors through which environmental agents can alter gene expression. Such changes can, in turn, precipitate either local or cell-wide changes as the initial effect spreads through multiple interactive networks. This review discusses the increasingly well-understood mechanisms through which these enzymes alter chromatin function. In some cases at least, it seems that the effects on gene expression may persist even after the removal of the inducing agent, and can be passed on, through mitosis, to subsequent cell generations, constituting a heritable, epigenetic change. If such changes occur in germ cells or their precursors, then they may be passed on to subsequent generations. Mechanisms are now known to exist through which an epigenetic change might give rise to a localized change in DNA sequence exerting the same functional effect, thereby converting an epigenetic to a genetic change. If the induced genetic change has phenotypic effects on which selection can act, then this hypothetical chain of events constitutes a potential route through which the environment might directly influence evolution.

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The microbiology of butyrate formation in the human colon

Cited by 1,095 publications

References 47 publications

Establishment of Intestinal Microbiota during Early Life: a Longitudinal, Explorative Study of a Large Cohort of Danish Infants

Establishment of Intestinal Microbiota during Early Life: a Longitudinal, Explorative Study of a Large Cohort of Danish Infants

Bacterial Succession in the Broiler Gastrointestinal Tract

Epigenetic responses to environmental change and their evolutionary implications

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