“…To explain the observed structural preservation of the fractionated lignin by 4-Cl-BSA, we proposed two preliminary mechanisms accordingly: segregation (the solubilized lignin) and coexistence (the deposited lignin) (Figure ). The proposed two preservation mechanisms were logically deduced from the experimental results (Figure and Table ) and the previous studies on lignin ,− and other substances. − The liquid phase was composed of water, 4-Cl-BSA, the solubilized lignin, and hemicellulose sugars. At the mesoscale level, the liquid phase is divided into the hydrophobic domain and the aqueous domain .…”
Section: Results
and Discussionmentioning
confidence: 84%
“…Owing to the nature of amphiphilicity, the aggregation/clustering behavior of 4-Cl-BSA in water is affected by the hydrophobic hydration of the chloro-substituted benzene ring and the hydrophilic hydration of the sulfonic acid group . With an increase in temperature, the hydrophobic hydration decreases while the hydrophilic hydration increases, causing a slight increase in the critical aggregation concentration . Although the measured critical aggregation concentrations indirectly verified the occurrence of the aggregation/clustering of 4-Cl-BSA in water, further studies are necessary to accurately determine the number of molecules required to form aggregate, and the type and size of the formed aggregate …”
Section: Results
and Discussionmentioning
confidence: 90%
“…37 With an increase in temperature, the hydrophobic hydration decreases while the hydrophilic hydration increases, causing a slight increase in the critical aggregation concentration. 38 Although the measured critical aggregation concentrations indirectly verified the occurrence of the aggregation/clustering of 4-Cl-BSA in water, further studies are necessary to accurately determine the number of molecules required to form aggregate, and the type and size of the formed aggregate. 30 Mesoscale Solubilization of Lignin by 4-Cl-BSA.…”
The development of an energy-efficient
fractionation process as
well as the preservation of the fractionated cellulose, hemicellulose
sugars, and lignin are the key to the valorization of lignocellulose.
This study presents a mild-condition fractionation process based on
a recyclable and bifunctional 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid (4-Cl-BSA).
The aqueous (e.g., 72%) 4-Cl-BSA solution near-completely fractionated
unmilled poplar chips at 50–80 °C for 18–180 min
and successively preserved the theoretical maximum yields and key
structures of the fractionated cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose
sugars. Around 21.3–27.8% lignin was hydrotropically dissolved
at a mesoscale level through accumulation by and complexation with
4-Cl-BSA and its aggregates. The solubilized lignin preserved about
24.7–50.7% of the 61% β-O-4 linkages in the native lignin
and about 48.3–82% aromatic units uncondensed. About 72.2–78.7%
lignin was insolubilized and quickly deposited on the surfaces of
cellulose fibers. Remarkably, the deposited lignin preserved about
61.9–81.1% of the β-O-4 linkages in the native lignin
and about 78.2–86.2% aromatic units uncondensed. Hemicellulose
sugars and cellulose (millimeter-size, CrI: 71–75, DPv: 910–1022) had high purity and high quality. Compared to
the other selected aryl sulfonic acids whether they have or do not
have substituents (dichloro, bromo, hydroxyl, and methyl) and mineral
acids, 4-Cl-BSA performed better in fractionating unmilled poplar
chips and preserving the β-O-4 linkages and aromatic units of
lignin. The results indicate that both acidity and hydrophobicity
of aryl sulfonic acid greatly influence its fractionation and preservation
performances.
“…To explain the observed structural preservation of the fractionated lignin by 4-Cl-BSA, we proposed two preliminary mechanisms accordingly: segregation (the solubilized lignin) and coexistence (the deposited lignin) (Figure ). The proposed two preservation mechanisms were logically deduced from the experimental results (Figure and Table ) and the previous studies on lignin ,− and other substances. − The liquid phase was composed of water, 4-Cl-BSA, the solubilized lignin, and hemicellulose sugars. At the mesoscale level, the liquid phase is divided into the hydrophobic domain and the aqueous domain .…”
Section: Results
and Discussionmentioning
confidence: 84%
“…Owing to the nature of amphiphilicity, the aggregation/clustering behavior of 4-Cl-BSA in water is affected by the hydrophobic hydration of the chloro-substituted benzene ring and the hydrophilic hydration of the sulfonic acid group . With an increase in temperature, the hydrophobic hydration decreases while the hydrophilic hydration increases, causing a slight increase in the critical aggregation concentration . Although the measured critical aggregation concentrations indirectly verified the occurrence of the aggregation/clustering of 4-Cl-BSA in water, further studies are necessary to accurately determine the number of molecules required to form aggregate, and the type and size of the formed aggregate …”
Section: Results
and Discussionmentioning
confidence: 90%
“…37 With an increase in temperature, the hydrophobic hydration decreases while the hydrophilic hydration increases, causing a slight increase in the critical aggregation concentration. 38 Although the measured critical aggregation concentrations indirectly verified the occurrence of the aggregation/clustering of 4-Cl-BSA in water, further studies are necessary to accurately determine the number of molecules required to form aggregate, and the type and size of the formed aggregate. 30 Mesoscale Solubilization of Lignin by 4-Cl-BSA.…”
The development of an energy-efficient
fractionation process as
well as the preservation of the fractionated cellulose, hemicellulose
sugars, and lignin are the key to the valorization of lignocellulose.
This study presents a mild-condition fractionation process based on
a recyclable and bifunctional 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid (4-Cl-BSA).
The aqueous (e.g., 72%) 4-Cl-BSA solution near-completely fractionated
unmilled poplar chips at 50–80 °C for 18–180 min
and successively preserved the theoretical maximum yields and key
structures of the fractionated cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose
sugars. Around 21.3–27.8% lignin was hydrotropically dissolved
at a mesoscale level through accumulation by and complexation with
4-Cl-BSA and its aggregates. The solubilized lignin preserved about
24.7–50.7% of the 61% β-O-4 linkages in the native lignin
and about 48.3–82% aromatic units uncondensed. About 72.2–78.7%
lignin was insolubilized and quickly deposited on the surfaces of
cellulose fibers. Remarkably, the deposited lignin preserved about
61.9–81.1% of the β-O-4 linkages in the native lignin
and about 78.2–86.2% aromatic units uncondensed. Hemicellulose
sugars and cellulose (millimeter-size, CrI: 71–75, DPv: 910–1022) had high purity and high quality. Compared to
the other selected aryl sulfonic acids whether they have or do not
have substituents (dichloro, bromo, hydroxyl, and methyl) and mineral
acids, 4-Cl-BSA performed better in fractionating unmilled poplar
chips and preserving the β-O-4 linkages and aromatic units of
lignin. The results indicate that both acidity and hydrophobicity
of aryl sulfonic acid greatly influence its fractionation and preservation
performances.
“…Akin to surfactants that aggregate into micelles above the critical micellar concentration (CMC), hydrotropes self-associate above their minimum hydrotrope concentration (HMC) , and can reduce the surface tension of water . The hydrophobic portion of hydrotropes is either short alkyl groups or aromatic rings as opposed to long hydrocarbon chains in surfactants (C 16 –C 18 ), resulting in higher hydrophilic/lipophilic balance (HLB)a factor that accounts for the higher concentration of hydrotrope (μmolL –1 to mmolL –1 ) required for solubilization. ,,, Hydrotropes have been utilized, since their inception, to improve the water solubility of a wide range of organic compounds, namely, drugs and biochemicals. − They often improve the micellization property of surfactants through synergistic noncovalent interactions. − The differential solvent affinity of the constituent ions has been exploited for various extraction-related applications. − The dissolved solute can be precipitated and recovered effortlessly by diluting the hydrotropic solution. , …”
PPh4Cl is an antagonistic salt that recently
showed
promise as a hydrotropic agent. Here, we give mechanistic insights
into the PPh4Cl-assisted solubility of a dye molecule using
molecular dynamics simulations. Our findings reveal that dye molecules
aggregate into a cluster which leads to an accumulation of PPh4
+ ions in its vicinity and subsequent exclusion
of water molecules from the region. The structural organization is
attributed to the preferential interaction of dye molecules and PPh4Cl. The origin of such preference arises from the difference
in π–π and CH–π interaction
among the pairs. The hydrodynamic radius of PPh4Cl indicates
a low propensity for cluster formation, which enhances its hydrotropic
behavior. The process of dye dissolution is thermodynamically favored
and occurs through a cooperative mechanism. Our studies provide molecular
insight into experimental observations crucial for the design of novel
hydrotropes with enhanced solubilizing properties.
This study investigates the temperature‐dependent micellization behaviors of saponin and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactants, which are both important for chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR). It also evaluates the effect of silica nanoparticles (SiO2) on these behaviors, given the growing interest in nanoparticle‐enhanced surfactants. The research focuses on the tunable properties of nanoparticle‐surfactant combinations. The structural differences between saponin and SDS were identified using FT‐IR and H‐NMR. The Du Noüy ring method was used to measure surface tension at various concentrations and temperatures (25–75 °C). FTIR analysis showed distinct differences between SDS and Saponin, associated with head group where there is hydroxyl groups in SDS solution. H‐NMR showed higher complexity of Saponin's structure, evidenced by its diverse sugar‐related proton peaks. Both SDS and Saponin reduce surface tension with temperature; SDS is more effective, lowering it to 42.1 mN/m versus 48.5 mN/m for Saponin. With SiO2, tensions drop to 39.2 mN/m for SDS and 45.5 mN/m for Saponin. Both surfactants maintain CMCs under reservoir temperature in the 0.05–0.1 wt % range. Saponin exhibited a more negative ΔG° and consistently negative ΔH°, indicating a thermodynamically favorable exothermic reaction. The novelty of this study lies in its focus on both anionic and nonionic surfactants under simulated reservoir conditions. The study focuses on the role of nanoparticles in enhancing surfactant stability and efficiency by addressing thermodynamic parameters.
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