The Mg-Calcite Composition of Antarctic Echinoderms: Important Implications for Predicting the Impacts of Ocean Acidification

McClintock, James B.; Amsler, Margaret O.; Angus, Robert A.; Challener, Roberta C.; Schram, Julie B.; Amsler, Charles D.; Mah, Christopher L.; Cuce, Jason; Baker, Bill J.

doi:10.1086/660890

Cited by 71 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The mineralogy of the adult echinoid skeleton shows a strong trend of decreasing Mg 2þ content towards higher latitudes [78]. For example, the tropical species Echinometra mathaei (Blainville, 1825) has a higher Mg 2þ content in the test than that of the polar species Sterechinus neumayeri (Meissner, 1900) (13-16% versus 6%) [78,79]. Table 2.…”

Section: Marine Propagules In a Changing Ocean (A) Effects Of Ocean Amentioning

confidence: 99%

The stunting effect of a high CO₂ocean on calcification and development in sea urchin larvae, a synthesis from the tropics to the poles

Byrne

Lamare

Winter

et al. 2013

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

137

107

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The stunting effect of ocean acidification on development of calcifying invertebrate larvae has emerged as a significant effect of global change. We assessed the arm growth response of sea urchin echinoplutei, here used as a proxy of larval calcification, to increased seawater acidity/ p CO 2 and decreased carbonate mineral saturation in a global synthesis of data from 15 species. Phylogenetic relatedness did not influence the observed patterns. Regardless of habitat or latitude, ocean acidification impedes larval growth with a negative relationship between arm length and increased acidity/ p CO 2 and decreased carbonate mineral saturation. In multiple linear regression models incorporating these highly correlated parameters, p CO 2 exerted the greatest influence on decreased arm growth in the global dataset and also in the data subsets for polar and subtidal species. Thus, reduced growth appears largely driven by organism hypercapnia. For tropical species, decreased carbonate mineral saturation was most important. No single parameter played a dominant role in arm size reduction in the temperate species. For intertidal species, the models were equivocal. Levels of acidification causing a significant (approx. 10–20+%) reduction in arm growth varied between species. In 13 species, reduction in length of arms and supporting skeletal rods was evident in larvae reared in near-future ( p CO 2 800+ µatm) conditions, whereas greater acidification ( p CO 2 1000+ µatm) reduced growth in all species. Although multi-stressor studies are few, when temperature is added to the stressor mix, near-future warming can reduce the negative effect of acidification on larval growth. Broadly speaking, responses of larvae from across world regions showed similar trends despite disparate phylogeny, environments and ecology. Larval success may be the bottleneck for species success with flow-on effects for sea urchin populations and marine ecosystems.

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Section: Marine Propagules In a Changing Ocean (A) Effects Of Ocean Amentioning

confidence: 99%

The stunting effect of a high CO₂ocean on calcification and development in sea urchin larvae, a synthesis from the tropics to the poles

Byrne

Lamare

Winter

et al. 2013

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

137

107

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“…The Mg content of Mgcalcite varies with latitude in some marine calcifiers, including echinoderms (Chave 1954, Andersson et al 2008, McClintock et al 2011, Lebrato et al 2013). This trend has been attributed to differences in growth rate, carbonate saturation state and sea temperature (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous sampling efforts had been concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere, and we address this gap by generating data for specimens from the Southern Hemisphere. In addition, while a number of mineralogical studies have been published on echinoids (Clarke & Wheeler 1922, Chave 1954, Pilkey & Hower 1960, Raup 1966, Weber 1969, Sumich & McCauley 1972, McClintock et al 2011, lack of replication reported means the variability in the measurements with and between individuals cannot be assessed. For more than half of the species studied (58%), apparently only 1 specimen was examined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk and resilience: variations in magnesium in echinoid skeletal calcite

Am¹,

Clark²,

Lamare³

et al. 2016

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Echinoids have high-magnesium (Mg) calcite endoskeletons that may be vulnerable to CO 2 -driven ocean acidification. Amalgamated data for echinoid species from a range of environments and life-history stages allowed characterization of the factors controlling Mg content in their skeletons. Published measurements of Mg in calcite (N = 261), supplemented by new X-ray diffractometry data (N = 382), produced a database including 8 orders, 23 families and 73 species (~7% of the ~1000 known extant species), spanning latitudes 77°S to 72°N, and including 9 skeletal elements or life stages. Mean (± SD) skeletal carbonate mineralogy in the Echinoidea is 7.5 ± 3.23 wt% MgCO 3 in calcite (range: 1.5−16.4 wt%, N = 643). Variation in Mg within individuals was small (SD = 0.4−0.9 wt% MgCO 3 ). We found significant differences among skeletal elements: jaw demi-pyramids were the highest in Mg, whereas tests, teeth and spines were intermediate in Mg, but generally higher than larvae. Higher taxa have consistent mineralogical patterns, with orders in particular showing Mg related to first appearance in the fossil record. Latitude was a good proxy for sea-surface temperature (SST), although incorporating SST where available produced a slightly better model. Mg content varied with latitude; higher Mg content in warmer waters may reflect increased metabolic and growth rates. Although the skeletons of some adult urchins may be partially resistant to ocean acidification, larvae and some species may prove to be vulnerable to lowered pH, resulting in ecosystem changes in coastal marine environments.

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“…Transplantation experiments have shown that acidification differentially affects organisms, with some acclimating to these conditions by up-regulating calcification and others able to protect themselves from dissolution due to the presence of protective layers (Rodolfo-Metalpa et al, 2011). However, species with high Mg-calcite skeletons, such as sea urchins, are thought to be especially vulnerable to increased sea water acidity as this mineral form of carbonate is easily dissolved in corrosive waters and the lowered pH can be detrimental to metabolism and reproduction (Morse et al, 2006;Andersson et al, 2008;McClintock et al, 2011;Stumpp et al, 2011Stumpp et al, , 2012. Our SEM photographs (Fig.…”

Section: Calcificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sea urchins have high Mg-calcite endoskeletons that may be corroded in acidified conditions since calcite solubility increases with Mg-content (Morse et al, 2006;McClintock et al, 2011). LaVigne et al (2013) found that the skeletal composition of adult Strongylocentrotus purpuratus was robust to spatial gradients and predicted future changes in carbonate chemistry, although the larvae were affected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sea urchin response to rising pCO2 shows ocean acidification may fundamentally alter the chemistry of marine skeletons

Bray

Pancucci-Papadopoulou

Hall-Spencer

2014

Medit. Mar. Sci.

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Ocean acidification caused by an increase in pCO 2 is expected to affect marine ecosystem composition drastically, yet there is much uncertainty about the mechanisms through which ecosystems may be affected. Here we present the results of a study on sea urchins that are common and important grazers in the Mediterranean (Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula). Our study included a natural CO 2 seep plus reference sites in the Aegean Sea, Greece. The distribution of A. lixula was unaffected by the low pH environment, whereas densities of P. lividus were much reduced. There was skeletal degradation in both species living in acidified waters compared to reference sites and remarkable increases in skeletal manganese levels (541% increase for P. lividus, 243% increase for A. lixula), presumably due to changes in mineral crystalline structure. Levels of strontium and zinc were also altered. It is not yet known whether such dramatic changes in skeletal chemistry will affect coastal systems but our study reveals a mechanism that may alter inter-species interactions.

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The Mg-Calcite Composition of Antarctic Echinoderms: Important Implications for Predicting the Impacts of Ocean Acidification

Cited by 71 publications

References 37 publications

The stunting effect of a high CO₂ocean on calcification and development in sea urchin larvae, a synthesis from the tropics to the poles

The stunting effect of a high CO₂ocean on calcification and development in sea urchin larvae, a synthesis from the tropics to the poles

Risk and resilience: variations in magnesium in echinoid skeletal calcite

Sea urchin response to rising pCO2 shows ocean acidification may fundamentally alter the chemistry of marine skeletons

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The Mg-Calcite Composition of Antarctic Echinoderms: Important Implications for Predicting the Impacts of Ocean Acidification

Cited by 71 publications

References 37 publications

The stunting effect of a high CO2ocean on calcification and development in sea urchin larvae, a synthesis from the tropics to the poles

The stunting effect of a high CO2ocean on calcification and development in sea urchin larvae, a synthesis from the tropics to the poles

Risk and resilience: variations in magnesium in echinoid skeletal calcite

Sea urchin response to rising pCO2 shows ocean acidification may fundamentally alter the chemistry of marine skeletons

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The stunting effect of a high CO₂ocean on calcification and development in sea urchin larvae, a synthesis from the tropics to the poles

The stunting effect of a high CO₂ocean on calcification and development in sea urchin larvae, a synthesis from the tropics to the poles