“…The bidirectional effects of ICTs on the shadow economy are confirmed by some previous scientific findings (Bhattacharaya, 2019;Chacaltana et al, 2018;Chandra, 2017;Garcia-Murillo & Velez-Ospina, 2014Ilavarasan, 2019;Masiero, 2017;Rangaswamy, 2019) (see Table 2). Velez-Ospina (2014, 2017) raise the hypothesis that ICTs may contribute to reduction in the size of the shadow economy because, being multipurpose, they serve as an engine for the search of information on education, employment and public services which, in its turn, empowers population, provides wide opportunities for personal and professional improvement and makes public services easier accessible. However, the results of their studies indicate that ICTs can only party reduce the size of the shadow economy because despite the fact that they are linked to a wider and deeper access to information and other resources, the findings show that they also reduce transaction costs for informal activities, which promotes them being used as comparatively cheap informal business coordination technologies.…”