The Methamphetamine Problem in the United States

Gonzales, Rachel; Mooney, Larissa; Rawson, Richard A.

doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103600

Cited by 281 publications

(238 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Health policy makers should consider ATS education as a health priority. Studies have shown that drug education is necessary to prevent the epidemic of any type of drug (17)(18)(19). Furthermore, law enforcement and police efforts should target ceasing ATS production and distribution in the Persian community on a large scale.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amphetamine-Type Stimulants in a Group of Adults in Tehran, Iran: A Rapid Situation Assessment in Twenty-Two Districts

Noori

Daneshmand

Farhoudian

et al. 2016

Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci

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Background: Dependence on amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) is a health concern in Iran (i.e. the most populated Persian Gulf country). However, there are no literature reports on ATS dependence in the community. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of ATS-dependence, the reasons associated with this problem and the treatment barriers among a group of adults in 22 districts of Tehran. Materials and Methods: A rapid situation assessment was conducted. A mixed quantitative-qualitative methodology was applied. The study was conducted between September 2009 and January 2010. A researcher-made checklist was designed to collect data. The SPSS version 23 and Atlas-ti qualitative software were used for data analyses. Results: In total, 6027 individuals were randomly recruited and interviewed. Among them, 261 participants were ATS-dependent. A desire to increase performance and reduce psychiatric problems, beauty-related issues and a desire to stop opiate use were the main reasons for the illegal use of ATS. Poor knowledge of ATS treatment services in the community, poor knowledge of the side effects of the illegal use of ATS and stigma were the main current treatment barriers. Amphetamine-Type Stimulants dependence was associated with unemployment (adjusted OR = 3.1 CI 95% 1.0 -4.6), lack of leisure activities (OR = 2.9 CI 95% 1.0 -5.3), curiosity (OR = 3.2 CI 95% 2.1 -5.6) and increasing sexual performance (OR = 2.6 CI 95% 2.3 -5.4). Conclusions:The study results indicated that ATS-dependence was present among the study participants. This issue necessitates treatment, which should be considered by health policy makers. Prevention programs should be provided on the large scale in the Persian community to prevent ATS use and dependence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amphetamine-Type Stimulants in a Group of Adults in Tehran, Iran: A Rapid Situation Assessment in Twenty-Two Districts

Noori

Daneshmand

Farhoudian

et al. 2016

Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci

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“…It has been shown that both acute and chronic using of METH could lead to cardiomyopathy and cardiac failure (1,2). Even previous studies reported that METH use accounted for at least 5% of all patients presenting to the emergency department with heart failure (3) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Effects of Edaravone against Methamphetamine-Induced cardiotoxicity

Koohsari

Shaki

Jahani

2016

Braz. arch. biol. technol.

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Methamphetamine (METH) is widely abused in worldwide. METH use could damage the dopaminergic system and induce cardiotoxicity via oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Edaravone, a sedative-hypnotic agent, is known for it's antioxidant properties. In this study we used edaravone for attenuating of METH-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. The groups (six rats in each group) were as follows: control, METH (5 mg/kg IP) and edaravone (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, IP) was administered 30 min before METH. After 24 hours, animals were killed, heart tissue was separated and mitochondrial fraction was isolated and oxidative stress markers were measured. Edaravone significantly (p<0.05) protected the heart against lipid peroxidation by inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Edaravone also significantly (p<0.05) increased the levels of heart glutathione (GSH). METH administration significantly (p<0.05) disrupted mitochondrial function that edaravone pre-treatment significantly (p<0.05) inhibited METHinduced mitochondrial dysfunction. Protein carbonyl level also increased after METH exposure, but was significantly (p<0.05) decreased with edaravone pre-treatment. These results suggested that edaravone is able to inhibition of METH-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequently METH-induced cardiotoxicity. Therefore, the effectiveness of this antioxidant should be evaluated for the treatment of METH toxicity and cardio degenerative disease.

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“…Gay men also have higher rates of tobacco (Rivers, 2004) and illicit drug use (Rivers, 2001;Willoughby, Lai, Doty, Mackey, & Malik, 2008). Use of methamphetamine and other "party drugs" are especially prevalent (Gonzales, Mooney, & Rawson, 2010;Halkitis, Palamar, & Mukherjee, 2007;Lyons, Pitts, & Grierson, 2013b). In addition, rates of depression and anxiety are well above those of the heterosexual population (Chakraborty, McManus, Brugha, Bebbington, & King, 2011;Cochran, Sullivan, & Mays, 2003;King et al, 2008;Lyons, Pitts, & Grierson, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Disparities Among Common Subcultural Identities of Young Gay Men: Physical, Mental, and Sexual Health

Lyons

Hosking

2014

Arch Sex Behav

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Researchers, policymakers, and health agencies have tended to treat gay men as a relatively homogeneous population, with little attention given to its many subcultural identities. In this study, we focused on young gay men and investigated a range of health-related differences according to common subcultural identities, such as Bear, Cub, and Twink. In a nationwide cross-sectional online survey of 1,034 Australian gay men aged 18-39 years, 44% reported a subcultural identity, the two most common being Cub (9%) and Twink (20%). Logistic and linear regression analyses compared Cub-and Twink-identified men and those without a subcultural identity (Non-identified) on a range of health-related outcomes. After adjusting for differences in age and body mass index (BMI), Twink-identified men had the highest risk profile overall, including significantly higher rates of smoking tobacco and alcohol consumption. They were also significantly more likely to report engaging in receptive anal sex. In addition, Cub-identified men were significantly more likely to report being in an ongoing relationship while Non-identified men were significantly less likely to report experiences of discrimination in the past 12 months. While there were differences on measures of mental health between the three groups, these were no longer significant after adjusting for age and BMI. In all, we found numerous health-related differences according to subcultural identity that warrant further investigation by researchers, health agencies, and anyone concerned with further understanding and addressing health-related challenges of gay men. , with social groups, formal societies, and dedicated venues catering to this group since at least the 1980s (Manley, Levitt, & Mosher, 2007). As a subculture, many of these men have shared identities around embodying traditional forms of masculinity and resisting stereotypes of gay men as effeminate (Filiault & Drummond, 2007). With larger body mass 4 also being a core part of identity for these men, there is potential resistance to weight loss behaviors (Gough & Flanders, 2009), which may have a bearing on health-related outcomes. KEYWORDSTwink-identified men on the other hand are typically lean, relatively young, and usually have shaved or naturally hairless bodies (Filiault & Drummond, 2007). They are arguably less organized as a social group than Bear-or Cub-identified men, but are nevertheless defined by commonly shared stereotypes as less traditionally masculine and more submissive. They also tend to be the most visible "type" on the gay scene, such as in gay bars and clubs (Filiault & Drummond, 2007), where drug use and engaging in risky sex can be relatively common (Halkitis & Parsons, 2002;Lea, Reynolds, & de Wit, 2013).To our knowledge, only one study has reported on links between health and subcultural identity (Willoughby et al., 2008). Conducted in the U.S. with 340 gay men, the study identified at least 12 subcultural identities, including Bear and Twink, with differences found on drug use and...

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The Methamphetamine Problem in the United States

Cited by 281 publications

References 87 publications

Amphetamine-Type Stimulants in a Group of Adults in Tehran, Iran: A Rapid Situation Assessment in Twenty-Two Districts

Amphetamine-Type Stimulants in a Group of Adults in Tehran, Iran: A Rapid Situation Assessment in Twenty-Two Districts

Protective Effects of Edaravone against Methamphetamine-Induced cardiotoxicity

Health Disparities Among Common Subcultural Identities of Young Gay Men: Physical, Mental, and Sexual Health

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