The Meteorological Conditions of Precipitation Deficits in the Cultivation of Winter Wheat in Central and Eastern Poland

Abstract

The problem of precipitation deficits constitutes an issue that is significant on a global, regional, and local scale, particularly in the aspect of climate warming. The purpose of this research was to determine the amount, frequency and trends of precipitation deficits in the cultivation of winter wheat in central and eastern Poland, over a period of fifty years . This study used the values of average monthly air temperatures, as well as monthly total precipitation, decadal precipitation needs of winter wheat within central and eastern Poland. Based on the performed research, both spatial and temporal differences were observed in the scope of the amount and frequency of precipitation deficits in the cultivation of winter wheat. The lowest risk of precipitation deficits was found in May (from 15% to 32%), which is a critical month in the cultivation of this plant in Poland, while the highest risk of precipitation deficits was observed in June (from 22% to 56%), which is an unfavourable phenomenon, because winter wheat is in the so-called grain filling phase since mid-June. It was also found that there is a statistically significant upward trend of the winter wheat's precipitation needs in April, June, and July. An increase in the inflow of warm and dry air masses from the southern sectors was one of the factors impacting the amount and frequency of precipitation deficits in the cultivation of wheat. The problem of climate warming that has been increasing in recent years, and -as a consequence -an increase in precipitation deficit during the growing season of plants, demonstrate the need for further research in this scope.

Optimizing Potato Yield through the Application of the Supporter Biostimulant

“…Adding green light to red and blue light may increase chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, and production of smaller-sized tubers. A high proportion of red and blue light may increase tuber production, while adding green light may favor the production of smaller-sized tubers [55][56][57]. In summary, our research has shown the significant impact of potato varieties on yield and its quantitative characteristics.…”

“…Studies by Skowera et al [37,57] also indicate spatial and temporal differences in rainfall deficits during potato cultivation in Poland. The highest risk of rainfall deficit, according to them, occurs in June, which is unfavorable for potatoes, as potato plants are then in the tuberization phase and forming new tubers.…”

“…Soil temperature can also influence plant growth and development. Soils that warm poorly in spring, e.g., in Kędrzyno, can affect slower germination, weaker root growth, and potato tuber development [57,60].…”

“…Additionally, environmental conditions such as sunlight and atmospheric precipitation can also influence potato yield and tuber quality by regulating processes such as photosynthesis, transpiration, and nutrient translocation [55,57]. The best conditions were provided by locations in southern Poland (Głubczyce).…”

Response of Winter Wheat to Delayed Sowing and Varied Nitrogen Fertilization

“…Additionally, the interaction between the tested factors and specific experimental years can further contribute to the variability of results in subsequent seasons [35,36]. Skowera et al [37] have shown that in Poland, the highest risk of rainfall shortage occurs in June, a critical period as winter wheat enters the grain-filling stage from mid-June. Xu et al [29] have reported that air temperatures play an important role in the proper growth and development of field crops, and their unfavorable patterns can be just as detrimental as a lack of precipitation.…”