The Metallic Mysteries: Deciphering Their Contribution to Alzheimer’s Pathogenesis

Abstract

The most common kind of dementia is Alzheimer's, which can begin with a mild loss of memory and eventually lead to a loss of ability to respond to stimuli and interface. Metals and microelements support the neural system's normal function. Neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease have been related to deregulation of the antioxidant response and neurotransmission. Heavy and essential metals both increase tau protein hyperphosphorylation and Aβ assemblage. The etiology of Alzheimer's disease is summarized in this article along with the roles played by pesticides, arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, aluminum, and several other essential metals including iron, zinc, copper, calcium, manganese, magnesium, and so on. Essential elements such as iron, copper, zinc, and calcium can all lead to oxidative stress. Gaining insight into these elements' functions in brain health and illness could lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Since metal ions are implicated in most of these degenerative diseases, future treatments may target them. One method is to limit the ions' ability to obstruct oxidative processes or disturb protein folding by chelating and sequestering them.