The metabolome of human milk is altered differentially by Holder pasteurization and high hydrostatic pressure processing

Abstract

The milk metabolome is composed of hundreds of molecules that can impact infant development. In preterm infants, sterilized donor milk (DM) is frequently used for their feeding. We aimed to identify differences in the metabolome of DM after two types of milk sterilization: the Holder pasteurization (HoP) and a high hydrostatic pressure (HP) processing. DM samples were sterilized by HoP (62.5°C for 30 min) or processed by HP (350 MPa at 38°C). 595 milk metabolites were analyzed using an untargeted metabolomic analysis. Both treatments differentially altered several classes of compounds. The major changes noted included decreased levels of free fatty acids, phospholipid metabolites, and sphingomyelins. Decreases were more strongly noted in HP samples rather than in HoP ones. Both HoP and HP treatments increased the levels of ceramides and nucleotide compounds. The sterilization of human milk altered its metabolome especially for lipids.

Short-chain fatty acids levels in human milk are not affected by holder pasteurization and high hydrostatic pressure processing

“…Sample collection, preparation, and the experimental design of the present study are shown in Figure 1. Sample size was estimated based on previous work (11)(12)(13)(14), common practice and G Power free software.…”

“…High hydrostatic pressure (HP) processing, a non-thermal method, has been proposed as an alternative to HoP for DM sterilization (10,12). Recently, it was demonstrated that using a moderate HP protocol (four cycles of 5 min at pressure of 350 MPa, performed at 38°C) numerous DM factors which are degraded by HoP are preserved by HP processing (11)(12)(13)(14).…”

The Sterilization of Human Milk by Holder Pasteurization or by High Hydrostatic Pressure Processing Leads to Differential Intestinal Effects in Mice

“…This thermal treatment is considered to be a good compromise between microbiological safety and the maintenance of the nutritional quality of DM. However, several studies have recently demonstrated that HoP reduces some nutritional compounds of DM [ 3 , 4 ]. In addition, it has been demonstrated that this pasteurization also degrades numerous heat-sensitive and bioactive factors, such as immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, some vitamins, lysozyme, the bile salt-dependent lipase (BSSL) and several important metabolic hormones [ 5 , 6 , 7 ].…”

“…Recent evidence has demonstrated that HHP may be one of the best innovative methods to sterilize DM, as this method maintains the nutritional value of DM as well as numerous bioactive compounds such as immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, lysozyme, BSSL enzyme, milk oligosaccharides and several hormones close to their initial levels (i.e., those found in raw milk) [ 5 , 7 , 10 , 11 ]. Recently, we have demonstrated that the use of a moderate HHP protocol (four cycles of 5 min at pressure of 350 MPa, performed at 38 °C) remarkably preserved these important milk compounds [ 4 , 7 , 10 , 11 ].…”

“…Thus, the preservation of all milk compounds in sterilized DM is crucial for optimal gut health and for the development of preterm infants. Although numerous biochemical data have shown that different types of sterilization of DM affect the concentration of numerous milk compounds [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 10 , 11 ]; thus far, no study has evaluated in vivo the consequences of different modes of DM sterilization on the intestinal barrier and microbiota. The present study aims to evaluate in vivo the intestinal consequences of two types of DM sterilization in adult mice subjected to a chronic oral administration of HoP- or HHP-DM over seven days.…”