The metabolism of rumen ciliate protozoa

Coleman, G.

doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01864.x

Cited by 35 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 114 publications

(168 reference statements)

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“…Having proteolytic characteristics, protozoa are known to break down bacteria in addition to feed proteins. In the presence of ciliata in the rumen, ammoniac and volatile fatty acids increase and protozoa with high biological value is synthesized (Coleman, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of use of Humic Acid in Some Blood Parameters and Rumen Protozoa in Norduz Lambs

Budağ¹,

Kara²

2016

jist

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This study investigated the effect of different levels of humic acid on some rumen and blood parameters and rumen protozoa in Norduz sheep. The study was designed and conducted in four-factor repeated measures analysis of variance. Totally 24, approximately 16-week old, female Norduz sheep were used in the study. Four feeding groups were designed. The first group was not given humic acid (C, control GI); the second group was given humic acid of 0.015% of the live weights of the sheep (GII); the third group was given humic acid of 0.030% of the live weights of the sheep (GIII); the fourth group was given humic acid of 0.060% of the live weights of the sheep (GIV). A total of eight sheep having similar ages and live weights were randomly distributed to each group (live weights of 40.230±1.25). The feed consumed by the sheep was limited to 2.5% of their live weights. Blood and rumen fluid samples were collected 2 times (before the test and on 25 th day of the test). Comparison of some blood parameters were collected from the animals before and after the test revealed no significant difference in serum triglyceride and rumen pH levels. It was observed that while live weight, blood serum total protein, blood serum potassium, chloride, and sodium levels decreased (P< 0.05), blood urea and number of rumen protozoa increased (P< 0.05). Considering the values obtained before and after the test, the use of humic acid increased the number of rumen protozoa without negatively affecting blood parameters.Keywords: Blood metabolites, humic acid, lamps, protozoa ÖZET: Bu araştırmada, humik asidin farklı düzeylerinin Norduz kuzularının bazı rumen ve kan parametreleri ile rumen protozoonları üzerindeki etkileri incelendi. Deneme üç faktörlü olarak ölçümlü varyans analizi yapılacak şekilde planlandı ve yürütüldü. Denemede sütten kesilmiş, yaklaşık 16 haftalık yaşta 4 adet Norduz dişi kuzu kullanıldı. Kontrol gribini oluşturan birinci gruptaki kuzulara humik asit verilmedi (GI kontrol), ikinci grupta CA'ın % 0.015 düzeyinde humik asit (GII), üçüncü grupta CA'ın % 0.030 düzeyinde humik asit, (GIII), dördüncü gruba ise % 0.060'i düzeyinde humik asit (GIV) verilecek şeklinde dört grubu yemleme oluşturuldu. Her grupta yaklaşık aynı yaşta ve canlı ağırlıkta (40.230±1.25) sekiz hayvan olacak şekilde kuzular gruplara rasgele dağıtılmıştır. Kuzuların tükettikleri yem miktarı canlı ağırlıklarının % 2.5i olarak sınırlanmıştır. Kan ve rumen sıvısı örnekleri, biri deneme başlangıcında biri de denemenin 25. gününde olmak üzere 2 defa alınmıştır. Hayvanlardan deneme öncesinde elde edilen kan parametrelerinin sonuçları deneme sonradaki değerlerle karşılaştırıldığında kan serum trigliserit ve rumen pH düzeylerinde gözlenmemiştir. Hayvanlarda canlı ağırlık, kan serumu total protein, kan serum potasyum, klor ve sodyum düzeyinde azalma gözlenirken (P< 0.05), kan üre ve rumen protozoa sayısında artma gözlenmiştir (P< 0.05). Araştırmanın sonucunda dönemler dikkate alındığında humik asit kullanımının kan parametreleri üzerinde olumsuz bir etki...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of use of Humic Acid in Some Blood Parameters and Rumen Protozoa in Norduz Lambs

Budağ¹,

Kara²

2016

jist

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“…In the rumen ecosystem, ciliates can account for up to 50% of the total microbial nitrogen, reaching densities of 10 5 to 10 6 cells/ml rumen fluid (2,3). Although ciliates are not essential for feed degradation and survival of the host (4), it is believed that they contribute to overall gut function, for example, by adding degradative complexity (5), by their ability to scavenge oxygen (6), or by their grazing behavior, which helps to shape and regulate prokaryotic populations (4,7,8). During fermentation of ingested plant material, some of the known rumen ciliates release large amounts of hydrogen produced in their hydrogenosomes (9)(10)(11), thereby providing ideal conditions for commensal hydrogenotrophic methanogens.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeny of Intestinal Ciliates, Including Charonina ventriculi, and Comparison of Microscopy and 18S rRNA Gene Pyrosequencing for Rumen Ciliate Community Structure Analysis

Kittelmann

Devente

Kirk

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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bThe development of high-throughput methods, such as the construction of 18S rRNA gene clone or pyrosequencing libraries, has allowed evaluation of ciliate community composition in hundreds of samples from the rumen and other intestinal habitats. However, several genera of mammalian intestinal ciliates have been described based only on morphological features and, to date, have not been identified using molecular methods. Here, we isolated single cells of one of the smallest but widely distributed intestinal ciliates, Charonina ventriculi, and sequenced its 18S rRNA gene. We verified the sequence in a full-cycle rRNA approach using fluorescence in situ hybridization and thereby assigned an 18S rRNA gene sequence to this species previously known only by its morphology. Based on its full-length 18S rRNA gene sequence, Charonina ventriculi was positioned within the phylogeny of intestinal ciliates in the subclass Trichostomatia. The taxonomic framework derived from this phylogeny was used for taxonomic assignment of trichostome ciliate 18S rRNA gene sequence data stemming from high-throughput amplicon pyrosequencing of rumen-derived DNA samples. The 18S rRNA gene-based ciliate community structure was compared to that obtained from microscopic counts using the same samples. Both methods allowed identification of dominant members of the ciliate communities and classification of the rumen ciliate community into one of the types first described by Eadie in 1962. Notably, each method is associated with advantages and disadvantages. Microscopy is a highly accurate method for evaluation of total numbers or relative abundances of different ciliate genera in a sample, while 18S rRNA gene pyrosequencing represents a valuable alternative for comparison of ciliate community structure in a large number of samples from different animals or treatment groups. Ciliate protozoa have been found to colonize the intestinal tracts of a wide range of ruminant and nonruminant herbivores (1). In the rumen ecosystem, ciliates can account for up to 50% of the total microbial nitrogen, reaching densities of 10 5 to 10 6 cells/ml rumen fluid (2, 3). Although ciliates are not essential for feed degradation and survival of the host (4), it is believed that they contribute to overall gut function, for example, by adding degradative complexity (5), by their ability to scavenge oxygen (6), or by their grazing behavior, which helps to shape and regulate prokaryotic populations (4,7,8). During fermentation of ingested plant material, some of the known rumen ciliates release large amounts of hydrogen produced in their hydrogenosomes (9-11), thereby providing ideal conditions for commensal hydrogenotrophic methanogens. As a consequence, the total number of rumen ciliate protozoa as well as ciliate community composition appears to influence the amount of methane emitted by the host (12-14). However, studies so far have used limited numbers of animals to analyze the impact of ciliate community structure or the roles of individual members of ciliate commun...

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“…The prevalence of B-type ciliate communities in sheep feeding on lucerne pellets in our study was not surprising, given that the type species present in these, Epidinium caudatum and Eud. maggii, harbour high cellulolytic activities (Coleman, 1986). Moreover, it appears that Epidinium spp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural variation in methane emission of sheep fed on a lucerne pellet diet is unrelated to rumen ciliate community type

et al. 2016

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Only limited information is available on the roles of different rumen ciliate community types, first described by Eadie in 1962, in enteric methane (CH 4 ) formation by their ruminant hosts. If the different types were differentially associated with CH 4 formation, then ciliate community typing could be used to identify naturally high and low CH 4 -emitting animals. Here we measured the CH 4 yields [g CH 4 (kg feed dry matter intake, DMI) 21 ] of 118 sheep fed a standard pelleted lucerne diet at two different times, at least 2 weeks apart. There were significant differences (P,2.2610 216 , Wilcoxon rank sum test) in the CH 4 yields (¡SD) from sheep selected as high [16.7¡1.5 g CH 4 (kg DMI) 21 ] and low emitters [13.3¡1.5 g CH 4 (kg DMI) 21 ]. A rumen sample was collected after each of the two measurements, and ciliate composition was analysed using barcoded 454 Titanium pyrosequencing of 18S rRNA genes. The genera found, in order of mean relative abundance, were Epidinium, Entodinium, Dasytricha, Eudiplodinium, Polyplastron, Isotricha and Anoplodinium-Diplodinium, none of which was significantly correlated with the CH 4 emissions ranking associated with the rumen sample. Ciliate communities naturally assembled into four types (A, AB, B and O), characterized by the presence and absence of key genera. There was no difference in CH 4 yield between sheep that harboured different ciliate community types, suggesting that these did not underlie the natural variation in CH 4 yields. Further research is needed to unravel the nature of interactions between ciliate protozoa and other rumen micro-organisms, which may ultimately lead to contrasting CH 4 emission phenotypes.

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The metabolism of rumen ciliate protozoa

Cited by 35 publications

References 114 publications

The Effect of use of Humic Acid in Some Blood Parameters and Rumen Protozoa in Norduz Lambs

The Effect of use of Humic Acid in Some Blood Parameters and Rumen Protozoa in Norduz Lambs

Phylogeny of Intestinal Ciliates, Including Charonina ventriculi, and Comparison of Microscopy and 18S rRNA Gene Pyrosequencing for Rumen Ciliate Community Structure Analysis

Natural variation in methane emission of sheep fed on a lucerne pellet diet is unrelated to rumen ciliate community type

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