The metabolism of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans in inflamed human gingiva

Abstract

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)and proteoglycans (PG)were extracted from both relatively uninflamed and severely inflamed human gingiva. The constituent GAG, Hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulphate and chondroitin 4′ sulphate, were present in the same total amount and porportions in both tissues. In contrast the PG underwent substantial breakdown in the serverly inflamed tissue as judged by anion exchange chromatography and cellulose acetate electophoresis. The findings indicate theat whereas the GAG remain apparently unchanged during inflammation, the protein moiety of the PG is catabolised leading to a loss of structural integrity.

Expression of Heparan Sulphate and Small Dermatan/Chondroitin Sulphate Proteoglycans in Chronically Inflamed Human Periodontium

“…During periodontal disease, the expression of both these PGs was significantly reduced. This is in agreement with the biochemical data indicating that PGs are degraded during periodontal inflammation (Embery et al, 1979Bartold and Page, 1986;Purvis et al, 1984). Intense staining of chondroitin sulphate, however, has been found around inflammatory cells in inflamed human gingiva (Bartold, 1992).…”

“…Early histochemical studies suggested both increases (Stahl et al, 1958;Quintarelli, 1960;Fullmer, 1961) and decreases (Dewar, 1955) in glycosaminoglycans in distinct areas of inflamed gingiva. Biochemical analyses have shown that glycosaminoglycans remain relatively unchanged in periodontal disease but that their protein core is degraded (Embery et al, 1979;Bartold and Page, 1986;Purvis ot al., 1984). Increased release of glycosaminoglycans from chronically inflamed periodontium has been observed in gingival crevicular fluid (Embery ot al., 1982;Last ct al., 1985;Giannobile ot al., 1993;Shibutani et al, 1993).…”

Increased Accumulation of Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans in Cultures of Human Fibroblasts from Phenytoin-induced Gingival Overgrowth

“…jdr.sagepub.com Downloaded fromaccounts for a significant proportion of the total GAG production by cultured cells. This confirmed an earlier report by Grossfeld et al27 and the recent study of gingival tissue specimens by Enbery et al28 …”

Gingival crevicular fluid glycosaminoglycan levels in patients with chronic adult periodontitis

“…Clinical techniques, such as orthodontic tooth movement and titanium implants , 1991, Samuels et al 1993) are a useful model of bone turnover and elevated levels of GAG metabolites have been detected at these sites. Hyaluronan probably arises from the gingival connective tissue where it may constitute some 20% of the glycosaminoglycans (Embery et al 1979;Bartold & Page 1986a, 1986b, Bartold 1987. These findings, together with the virtual absence of chondroitin-4-sulphate proteoglycans in serum (Staprans & Felts 1985) may not provide direct proof that alveolar bone is the source of gingival crevicular fluid proteoglycan metabolites, but does lend weight to this hypothesis, Hyaluronan appears to be present at sites exhibiting gingival inflammation and may be a marker of soft tissue inflammation, which correlates less well with indices of periodontal destruction.…”

“…GAGs are an intergral component of the extraeellular matrix of connective tissues and are a family of homologous but distinct repeating heteropolysaccharide chains attached to a central protein core of variable molecu-lar weight. Hyaluronan is not covalently attached to a protein core within the periodontal tissues and is a non-sulphated GAG accounting for some 5%) of epithelium and 15%) of connective tissue GAGs (Embery et al 1979, Bartold and Page 1986a, 1986b, Bartold 1987. Hyaluronan is not covalently attached to a protein core within the periodontal tissues and is a non-sulphated GAG accounting for some 5%) of epithelium and 15%) of connective tissue GAGs (Embery et al 1979, Bartold and Page 1986a, 1986b, Bartold 1987.…”