The Metabolism and Potential Bioactivity of Chlorophyll and Metallo‐chlorophyll Derivatives in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Zhong, Siqiong; Bird, Amanda J.; Kopec, Rachel

doi:10.1002/mnfr.202000761

Cited by 29 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…Additionally, chlorophyllides were prone to absorb over chlorophyll in Caco-2 cell studies [156,157]. Zhong et al also reviewed the bioactivity and mechanisms of chlorophyll and metallo-chlorophyll derivatives (copper-, zinc-and iron-chlorophyll) during absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in vitro and in vivo [158].…”

Section: Applications Of Chlorophyllides 41 Various Biological Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorophyllides: Preparation, Purification, and Application

et al. 2021

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Chlorophyllides can be found in photosynthetic organisms. Generally, chlorophyllides have a-, b-, c-, d-, and f-type derivatives, and all chlorophyllides have a tetrapyrrole structure with a Mg ion at the center and a fifth isocyclic pentanone. Chlorophyllide a can be synthesized from protochlorophyllide a, divinyl chlorophyllide a, or chlorophyll. In addition, chlorophyllide a can be transformed into chlorophyllide b, chlorophyllide d, or chlorophyllide f. Chlorophyllide c can be synthesized from protochlorophyllide a or divinyl protochlorophyllide a. Chlorophyllides have been extensively used in food, medicine, and pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, chlorophyllides exhibit many biological activities, such as anti-growth, antimicrobial, antiviral, antipathogenic, and antiproliferative activity. The photosensitivity of chlorophyllides that is applied in mercury electrodes and sensors were discussed. This article is the first detailed review dedicated specifically to chlorophyllides. Thus, this review aims to describe the definition of chlorophyllides, biosynthetic routes of chlorophyllides, purification of chlorophyllides, and applications of chlorophyllides.

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Section: Applications Of Chlorophyllides 41 Various Biological Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorophyllides: Preparation, Purification, and Application

et al. 2021

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“…However, recent works have been mainly centered on the description of their metabolism, bioactivity, and bioavailability. [ 18–20 ] Some attention has been laid also on their applications, from food industry and medicine, [ 21 ] to the integration into organic solar cells [ 22 ] and in controlling infective diseases, such as dengue vectors. [ 23 ] Several reviews have described recent progresses in the use of chlorophyll derivatives as outstanding natural photosensitizers employed for PDT, [ 24,25 ] for instance in the treatment of psoriasis [ 26 ] and urologic malignancies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light‐Activated Biomedical Applications of Chlorophyll Derivatives

Pucci

Martinelli

Degl’Innocenti

et al. 2021

Macromolecular Bioscience

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Tetrapyrroles are the basis of essential physiological functions in most living organisms. These compounds represent the basic scaffold of porphyrins, chlorophylls, and bacteriochlorophylls, among others. Chlorophyll derivatives, obtained by the natural or artificial degradation of chlorophylls, present unique properties, holding great potential in the scientific and medical fields. Indeed, they can act as cancer‐preventing agents, antimutagens, apoptosis inducers, efficient antioxidants, as well as antimicrobial and immunomodulatory molecules. Moreover, thanks to their peculiar optical properties, they can be exploited as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy and as vision enhancers. Most of these molecules, however, are highly hydrophobic and poorly soluble in biological fluids, and may display undesired toxicity due to accumulation in healthy tissues. The advent of nanomedicine has prompted the development of nanoparticles acting as carriers for chlorophyll derivatives, facilitating their targeted administration with demonstrated applicability in diagnosis and therapy. In this review, the chemical and physical properties of chlorophyll derivatives that justify their usage in the biomedical field, with particular regard to light‐activated dynamics are described. Their role as antioxidants and photoactive agents are discussed, introducing the most recent nanomedical applications and focusing on inorganic and organic nanocarriers exploited in vitro and in vivo.

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“…Last but not least, the phototoxicity of (B)Chls is a problem for herbivores including humans. Higher animals degrade Chl and its derivatives in their intestine [ 58 ] and have a low intestinal uptake [ 59 ]. This is combined with (at least) one excretory system; Szafraniec and Fiedor et al [ 60 ] have now studied its specificity towards a variety of chlorophyll derivatives.…”

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confidence: 99%

Chlorophylls: A Personal Snapshot

Scheer¹

2022

Molecules

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Chlorophylls provide the basis for photosynthesis and thereby most life on Earth. Besides their involvement in primary charge separation in the reaction center, they serve as light-harvesting and light-sensing pigments, they also have additional functions, e.g., in inter-system electron transfer. Chlorophylls also have a wealth of applications in basic science, medicine, as colorants and, possibly, in optoelectronics. Considering that there has been more than 200 years of chlorophyll research, one would think that all has been said on these pigments. However, the opposite is true: ongoing research evidenced in this Special Issue brings together current work on chlorophylls and on their carotenoid counterparts. These introductory notes give a very brief and in part personal account of the history of chlorophyll research and applications, before concluding with a snapshot of this year’s publications.

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The Metabolism and Potential Bioactivity of Chlorophyll and Metallo‐chlorophyll Derivatives in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Cited by 29 publications

References 107 publications

Chlorophyllides: Preparation, Purification, and Application

Chlorophyllides: Preparation, Purification, and Application

Light‐Activated Biomedical Applications of Chlorophyll Derivatives

Chlorophylls: A Personal Snapshot

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