The metabolic syndrome: an emerging risk state for cardiovascular disease

Prabhakaran, Dorairaj; Anand, Sonia S.

doi:10.1191/1358863x04vm515ra

Cited by 40 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 207 publications

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“…Patients with the metabolic syndrome have been increasingly recognized as a high-risk group for premature coronary heart disease and other cardiovascular complications [9]. Underlying causes of the metabolic syndrome are overweight/obesity, physical inactivity and genetic factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endothelial Function in the Forearm Circulation of Patients with the Metabolic Syndrome – Effect of Different Lipid-Lowering Regimens

et al. 2005

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We compared the effect of statin therapy (either alone or combined with ezetimibe) on the inhibition of cholesterol resorption and endothelial function by measuring forearm blood flow in male patients with the metabolic syndrome. Compared to 40 mg atorvastatin alone, combination therapy with 10 mg ezetimibe and 10 mg atorvastatin for 8 weeks resulted in significantly decreased total serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels (n = 14). Endothelium-dependent, acetylcholine-mediated vasodilation was significantly better with combination therapy (p < 0.05). In contrast, endothelium-independent forearm blood flow response to sodium nitroprusside was comparable in both groups. Our data suggest a more effective restoration of endothelial function with the statin/ezetimibe combination compared to statin monotherapy in patients with the metabolic syndrome.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endothelial Function in the Forearm Circulation of Patients with the Metabolic Syndrome – Effect of Different Lipid-Lowering Regimens

et al. 2005

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“…In the general population, obesity represents a significant health risk, both as a risk factor for ischaemic heart disease in its own right, but also because of its tendency to cluster with other MS risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance (25)(26)(27). In RTR, clustering of obesity with the aforementioned risk factors is also common (28,29), although there are only a few studies that have explored the prevalence of MS in RTR (30,31).…”

Section: Bmi and Relationship To CV Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity is Associated with Worsening Cardiovascular Risk Factor Profiles and Proteinuria Progression in Renal Transplant Recipients

Armstrong¹,

Campbell²,

Hawley³

et al. 2005

American Journal of Transplantation

105

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Obesity is associated with adverse cardiovascular (CV) parameters and may be involved in the pathogenesis of allograft dysfunction in renal transplant recipients (RTR). We sought the spectrum of body mass index (BMI) and the relationships between BMI, CV parameters and allograft function in prevalent RTR. Data were collected at baseline and 2 years on 90 RTR (mean age 51 years, 53% male, median transplant duration 7 years), categorized by BMI (normal, BMI ≤ 24.9 kg/m 2 ; pre-obese, BMI 25-29.9 kg/m 2 ; obese, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ). Proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate (eGFR MDRD ) were determined.Nine percent RTR were obese pre-transplantation compared to 30% at baseline (p < 0.001) and followup (25 ± 2 months). As BMI increased, prevalence of metabolic syndrome and central obesity increased (12 vs 48 vs 85%, p < 0.001 and 3 vs 42 vs 96%, p < 0.001, respectively). Systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and lipid parameters changed significantly with BMI category and over time. Proteinuria progression occurred in 65% obese RTR (23 (13-59 g/mol creatinine) to 59 (25-120 g/mol creatinine)). BMI was independently associated with proteinuria progression (ß 0.01, p = 0.008) but not with changing eGFR MDRD. In conclusion, obesity is common in RTR and is associated with worsening CV parameters and proteinuria progression.

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“…In attempting to determine the prevalence of MBS in PCOS, a major variable is the criteria used to define metabolic syndrome (1,13). Most widely adapted are the criteria proposed by the American National Cholesterol Panel (Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP-III)) (14).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): lower prevalence in southern Italy than in the USA and the influence of criteria for the diagnosis of PCOS

et al. 2006

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Objective: Metabolic syndrome (MBS) is a common disorder and is thought to be extremely prevalent in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In the USA the prevalence of MBS in PCOS has been reported to be as high as 43 -46% using Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP-III) criteria. Because of differences in diet, lifestyle and genetic factors, we postulated that the prevalence of MBS might not be as high in Italian women. This study sought to determine the prevalence of MBS in Italian women using both the ATP-III and the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and to determine whether the prevalence is influenced by the way in which PCOS is diagnosed. Design: Assessment of the prevalence of MBS in 282 women with PCOS, aged 18-40 years, living in western Sicily. Eighty-five age-and weight-matched normal women served as controls. Methods: Patients were divided into those with chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenism (classic PCOS; n ¼ 225) and others with hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries but who were ovulatory (ovulatory PCOS; n ¼ 57). A 75 g oral glucose tolerance test was carried out, as were lipid determinations; insulin resistance was assessed by the Quantitative Insulin-Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI). We used ATP-III and WHO criteria to diagnose MBS. Results: Using ATP-III criteria, the prevalence of MBS was 8.2% and using WHO criteria it was 16% in Italian women with PCOS. In controls, the prevalence was 2.4% using both methods. In classic PCOS patients, MBS was higher (8.9% by ATP-III, 17.3% by WHO) than in ovulatory PCOS (5% and 10.6% respectively). Body weight significantly modified prevalence rates. Conclusion: MBS is substantially higher in women with PCOS than in the general population, and the prevalence is higher in those women diagnosed by classic criteria. However, the prevalence of MBS in PCOS appears to be much lower in Italy than in the USA.

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The metabolic syndrome: an emerging risk state for cardiovascular disease

Cited by 40 publications

References 207 publications

Endothelial Function in the Forearm Circulation of Patients with the Metabolic Syndrome – Effect of Different Lipid-Lowering Regimens

Endothelial Function in the Forearm Circulation of Patients with the Metabolic Syndrome – Effect of Different Lipid-Lowering Regimens

Obesity is Associated with Worsening Cardiovascular Risk Factor Profiles and Proteinuria Progression in Renal Transplant Recipients

Metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): lower prevalence in southern Italy than in the USA and the influence of criteria for the diagnosis of PCOS

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