The Metabolic Mechanisms of Breast Cancer Metastasis

Abstract

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancy among women worldwide. Metastasis is mainly responsible for treatment failure and is the cause of most breast cancer deaths. The role of metabolism in the progression and metastasis of breast cancer is gradually being emphasized. However, the regulatory mechanisms that conduce to cancer metastasis by metabolic reprogramming in breast cancer have not been expounded. Breast cancer cells exhibit different metabolic phenotypes depending on their molecular subtypes and metastatic sites. Both intrinsic factors, such as MYC amplification, PIK3CA, and TP53 mutations, and extrinsic factors, such as hypoxia, oxidative stress, and acidosis, contribute to different metabolic reprogramming phenotypes in metastatic breast cancers. Understanding the metabolic mechanisms underlying breast cancer metastasis will provide important clues to develop novel therapeutic approaches for treatment of metastatic breast cancer.

Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Brain Metastases in HER2-Positive and Triple Negative Breast Cancers

“…Of all organs, the brain has the highest glucose demand and therefore favors enhanced glycolytic activity for energy production [88]. Accordingly, increased glycolysis has been observed in BCBM when compared with bone or lung metastatic tissue [89]. Interestingly, the metabolic phenotype also varies between the different molecular BC subtypes.…”

The Chemokine CXCL7 Is Related to Angiogenesis and Associated With Poor Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer Patients

“…Chemokines are low-molecular-weight signaling proteins (8-12 kDa) that can regulate many biological processes, including cellular immune response, glucose metabolism and angiogenesis (19)(20)(21)(22). Chemokines play important regulatory roles by binding to their specific receptors (23).…”

Multi-Omic Approaches to Breast Cancer Metabolic Phenotyping: Applications in Diagnosis, Prognosis, and the Development of Novel Treatments

“…Metabolic deregulation can impact various molecular processes (e.g., cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion) that contribute to tumor progression [44,[108][109][110] and influence cancer patient survival (Figure 2) [111].…”

“…Metabolic deregulation can impact various molecular processes (e.g., cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion) that contribute to tumor progression [44,[108][109][110] and influence cancer patient survival (Figure 2) [111]. A number of studies have reported associations between metabolic alterations and BC patient survival based on single omic analysis, including genomic [112], transcriptomic [113], proteomic [46], and metabolomic [56,114,115] studies in tissue [46,112,113] and serum [56,114,115] samples.…”

“…Alterations to metabolic pathways associated with BC tumors and disease progres sion have been broadly explored at the genomic level [42][43][44]. Transcriptomic-based ap proaches have characterized specific metabolic changes in different BC subtypes [41] and evaluated the impact of various treatments on metabolic processes [45].…”