The mental health impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on immigrants and racial and ethnic minorities

Rothman, Samuel; Gunturu, S; Korenis, Panagiota

doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcaa203

Cited by 62 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…These are crucial to investigate, particularly because men and ethnic minorities are more likely to experience negative health outcomes after exposure to COVID-19 ( Griffith, 2020 ), while women and ethnic minorities are more likely to suffer negative occupational and mental health consequences due to the pandemic ( Adams-Prassl et al, 2020 ; Alonzi et al, 2020 ; NAACP, 2020 ). These differences are crucial to investigate, particularly, because the initial research suggests that women and ethnic minorities are more likely to suffer adverse changes in their emotional well-being due to the pandemic ( Adams-Prassl et al, 2020 ; Alonzi et al, 2020 ; Rothman et al, 2020 ; Smith et al, 2020 ; Thibaut and van Wijngaarden-Cremers, 2020 ). For example, using a large, the geographically representative sample of United States adults, Adams-Prassl et al (2020) documented a significant decrease in mental health as a result of initial COVID-19 stay-at-home orders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of note, this decrease was entirely driven by worsening mental health in females. Similarly, research on ethnic minority populations suggests that the pandemic is likely to exacerbate pre-existing mental health disparities due to significant rates of COVID-19 infection in these communities as well as quarantine-related impediments to mental health care ( Rothman et al, 2020 ; Smith et al, 2020 ). Thus, many students (women and minority populations in particular) are likely facing challenges to their well-being during the pandemic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Academic Stress and Emotional Well-Being in United States College Students Following Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021

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COVID-19 has resulted in extraordinary disruptions to the higher education landscape. Here, we provide a brief report on 295 students’ academic perceptions and emotional well-being in late May 2020. Students reported the high levels of uncertainty regarding their academic futures as well as significant levels of stress and difficulty coping with COVID-19 disruptions. These outcomes were related to the higher levels of neuroticism and an external locus of control. Female students reported worse emotional well-being compared to males, and the students of color reported the significantly higher levels of stress and uncertainty regarding their academic futures compared to White students. These results suggest that some students may be at particular risk for academic stress and poor emotional well-being due to the pandemic and highlight the urgent need for intervention and prevention strategies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Academic Stress and Emotional Well-Being in United States College Students Following Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021

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“…Other factors associated with higher COVID-19 infection rates included a proportion of “foreign-born non-citizens,” average household size, and percentage of food service workers [ 2 ]. In addition to higher COVID-19 infection rates among immigrant communities, other studies have noted various pandemic related challenges among these groups such as higher rates of economic insecurity [ 12 ], lack of access to government supports and healthcare [ 13 ], and negative impacts on mental health and treatment adherence [ 14 ]. These findings indicate the importance of understanding the impacts of COVID-19 in immigrant communities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Brazilian Immigrant Community in the U.S: Results from a Qualitative Study

Rocha

Rose

Hoch

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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While an increasing body of data suggests that marginalized groups have been disproportionately impacted by COVID-19, little has been published about the specific impact on Brazilian immigrants in the U.S. We conducted 15 key informant interviews, one of which included two participants (n = 16), with representatives from social service agencies, healthcare, and faith-based organizations serving Brazilian immigrants. Key informants were asked about the community’s experiences with COVID-19 testing and treatment, responses to CDC (Centers for Disease Control) guidelines, perceptions about the virus, and the pandemic’s impact on physical and mental health. Results suggest that COVID-19 has profoundly impacted Brazilian immigrants’ mental and physical health. Key informants perceived that community members faced higher risk of COVID-19 infection due to overcrowded living conditions and over-representation in public-facing and informal (e.g., housecleaning) jobs. They reported barriers to COVID-19-related healthcare services including language, immigration status, and fear of deportation. Brazilian cultural norms surrounding hygiene practices, social distancing, and information distribution have shaped the community’s pandemic response. The Brazilian community has faced extensive social, economic, and health ramifications due to the pandemic. While not unique to this community, pre-existing concerns about social disadvantage suggest a particular vulnerability of this population to the virus.

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“…The impact of this disabling pandemic on minorities and immigrants (e.g., Rothman et al, 2020 ; Serafini et al, 2021 ) and on general practitioners working in the frontline with infected Covid-19 patients is well documented (Amerio et al, 2020 ). Importantly, there is an urgent need to provide adequate mental health care for the victims of COVID-19 severe and continuous stressors at the community-level.…”

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confidence: 99%

The effects of COVID-19 continuous traumatic stressors on mental health and cognitive functioning: A case example from Turkey

et al. 2021

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There is a need to accurately assess the specific impacts of the various traumatic stressors caused by COVID-19 on mental health. The goal was to evaluate the impact of different types of COVID-19 stressors (infection fears, lockdown, and economic stressors) on mental health and cognitive functioning. We used a sample of 262 Turkish adults. We administered an online questionnaire that included measures of COVID-19 traumatic stressors, PTSD, depression, anxiety, executive function deficits, and cumulative stressors and traumas (CST). The analyses included correlations, hierarchical regression, path analysis, and PROCESS mediation analysis. All COVID-19 traumatic stressors types and their cumulative load predicted PTSD, depression, anxiety, and executive function deficits after controlling for previous cumulative stressors and traumas and COVID-19 infection. COVID-19 lockdown’s stressors were the strongest predictors, compared to COVID-19 fears and economic stressors. Path analysis and PROCESS mediation results indicated that COVID-19 traumatic stressors had direct effects on working memory deficits, direct and indirect effects on PTSD, depression, and anxiety, and indirect effects on inhibition deficits. Anxiety, depression, and inhibition deficits mediated its indirect effects on PTSD. The results have conceptual and clinical implications. COVID-19 continuous posttraumatic stress syndrome that includes comorbid PTSD, depression, anxiety, and executive function deficits is different and does not fit within the current trauma frameworks. There is a need for a paradigm shift in current stress and trauma frameworks to account for the COVID-19 continuous global stressors and for clinical innovations in intervention to help its victims. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-021-01743-2.

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The mental health impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on immigrants and racial and ethnic minorities

Cited by 62 publications

References 11 publications

Academic Stress and Emotional Well-Being in United States College Students Following Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Academic Stress and Emotional Well-Being in United States College Students Following Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Brazilian Immigrant Community in the U.S: Results from a Qualitative Study

The effects of COVID-19 continuous traumatic stressors on mental health and cognitive functioning: A case example from Turkey

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