The Memory of a Fault Gouge: An Example from the Simplon Fault Zone (Central Alps)

Abstract

A fault gouge forms at the core of the fault as the result of a slip in the upper brittle crust. Therefore, the deformation mechanisms and conditions under which the fault gouge was formed can document the stages of fault movement in the crust. We carried out a microstructural analysis on a fault gouge from a hanging-wall branch fault of the Simplon Fault Zone, a major low-angle normal fault in the Alps. We use thin-section analysis, together with backscattered electron imaging and X-ray diffractometry (XRD), to show that a multistage history from ductile to brittle deformation, together with a continuous exhumation history from high to low temperature, took place within the fault gouge. Because of the predominance of pressure solution and veining, we associated a large part of the deformation in the fault gouge with viscous-frictional behaviour that occurred at the brittle-ductile transition. Phyllosilicates and graphite likely caused fault lubrication that we suggested played a role in the formation of this major low-angle normal fault.

A Deep-Penetrating Geochemical Prospecting Experiment of Mahuagou Gold Deposit in the Core of the Huangling Anticline, Western Hubei, China

“…The presence of montmorillonite and a small amount of calcite in the soil leads to a notably higher Ca element content compared to other soils. The formation of this mineral assemblage is attributed to the grinding of near-surface rocks by faults under low-temperature conditions, coupled with late-stage low-temperature hydrothermal alteration and metamorphism [55,56], resulting in the mixture of unconsolidated, powdery clay minerals (illite, chlorite, and montmorillonite) with fine particles from adjacent rocks (quartz and calcite) [57].…”