The melting and dissolution of low-carbon steels in iron-carbon melts

Szekely, J.; Chuang, Yu-Lin; Hlinka, József

doi:10.1007/bf02652849

Cited by 49 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Heat transfer coefficients can be estimated from experimental studies using dimensionless analysis technique. 38,39) However, this approach is likely not to be valid for oxygen steelmaking where the velocity fields are complex and not homogenous (e.g. some parts of the slag near the furnace walls maybe comparatively stagnant).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specht and Jeschar 40) developed a relationship for different types of solid particles (range of validity Pr≥0). Szekely et al 38) suggested that heat transfer coefficient can be related with stirring intensity under steelmaking operating conditions. The values for heat transfer coefficient lies between 3 500 and 11 800 W/m 2 K. Gaye et al 41) also performed some plant scale experiments to determine the melting time of scrap in the top-blown, bottom-blown and combined blown processes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comprehensive Model of Oxygen Steelmaking Part 1: Model Development and Validation

2011

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A comprehensive model of oxygen steelmaking that includes the kinetics of scrap melting, flux dissolution, slag chemistry, temperature profile of the system, formation and residence of metal droplets in the emulsion, and kinetics of decarburization reaction in different reaction zones was developed. This paper discussed the development and the application of the model into an industrial practice. The results from the model were consistent with the plant data from the study of Cicutti et al. The model suggested that 45% of the total carbon was removed via emulsified metal droplets and the remaining was removed from the impact zone during the entire blow. It was found that the residence time of droplets as well as decarburization reaction rate via emulsified droplets was a strong function of bloating behavior of the droplets. This model is the first attempt in the open literature that allows for the decarburization kinetics of the impact zone to be predicted separately from decarburization kinetics of the emulsion.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Model of Oxygen Steelmaking Part 1: Model Development and Validation

2011

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“…However, improvements are still required to decrease the significant energy addition of coal and oxygen and to increase the productivity. The melting process of scrap metals has been studied in previous works 1,2,[4][5][6][8][9][10] by considering scrap size, shape and preheating temperature, melt temperature and melt stirring by using both experiments and numerical modeling considering.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Szekely et al 2) studied both heat and mass transfer when the carbon content of the melt was higher than the scrap using mathematical modeling. The heat balance at the scrap -melt interface, Eq.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical Modeling of Scrap Melting in an EAF Using Electromagnetic Stirring

et al. 2013

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Numerical modeling has been used to investigate the influence of electromagnetic stirring on melting of a single piece of scrap in an eccentric bottom tapping (EBT) electric arc furnace (EAF). The heat transfer and fluid flow in the melt for both conditions with and without electromagnetic stirring were studied. The buoyancy and electromagnetic forces were considered as the source terms for momentum transfer in the studied conditions. The enthalpy-porosity technique was applied to track the phase change of a scrap piece defined in the EBT region of the furnace. Different scrap sizes, preheating temperatures, stirring directions and force magnitudes were considered, and the heat transfer coefficient was estimated from the heat transfer rate at the melt-scrap interface. The results showed that electromagnetic stirring led to a reduced melting time and an increased heat transfer coefficient by a factor of four. The results for Nusselt number versus Grashof number for natural convection and Reynolds number for electromagnetic stirring were compared with those obtained through correlations from previous studies.

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“…Gaye et al 13) suggested a maximum scrap size of 120 mm in the converter to avoid unmelted scrap at the end of the blow. Szekely et al 14) attributed a key role to carbon dissolved in liquid steel to facilitate scrap melting. Li et al 15) used steel bars with various sizes to describe scrap melting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical Modeling of the Melting Rate of Metallic Particles in the Electric Arc Furnace

2010

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A computational fluid dynamics model coupled to a lagrangian model of melting/solidifying particles has been developed to describe the melting kinetics of metallic particles in an industrial Electric Arc Furnace (EAF), assuming that liquid steel occupies the entire computational domain. The metallic particles represent Direct Reduced Iron (DRI). The use of two previous models, an arc model and a fluid flow model has made possible to evaluate the melting rate of injected DRI in a three phase-EAF, evaluating the influence of the initial particle size, the initial DRI temperature, feeding position, feeding rate, arc length and some of the metallurgical properties of DRI. The frozen shell formed in the early stage of the melting process has also been evaluated in this model. KEY WORDS: DRI melting; CFD; melting rate. 9© 2010 ISIJ that the thickness of the frozen shell is negligible in comparison with the radius of the particle, therefore, in the thermal balance the radius employed is not the radius at the liquid-particle interface but the initial particle radius, as follows:.............. (1) Sato et al. 6,7) reported laboratory experimental results from the melting of pre-reduced pellets in liquid steel and in molten slags. They found an increase in the melting rate by increasing metallization of pellets and by increasing the temperature of the molten bath, however, once the temperature reaches 1 570°C a further increase has no significant effect on the melting rate.Aboutalebi et al. 8) reported the influence of particle size, temperature and stirring conditions on the melting rate of metallic particles in a ladle. In this work the formation of the solid shell was neglected. They concluded that the melting rate increases by decreasing the particle size and by increasing both superheat temperature and stirring conditions. Similar results have been reported by Jiao and Themelis 9) and Ji et al. 10)Zhang and Oeters 11) described a mathematical model to represent the melting process of ferromanganese particles thrown into a steel ladle. They found a short time, less than 1 s, to reach the terminal velocity inside the melt and such velocity was used to compute the heat transfer coefficient. A melting distribution time to represent the melting rate of all particles was used to define the melting time of a variable particle distribution. It was found a higher melting rate as both the terminal velocity and melt temperature increases.Several works have been reported on scrap melting in Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF). Matson and Ramirez 12) investigated the melting process of scrap assuming spherical iron particles. Gaye et al. 13) suggested a maximum scrap size of 120 mm in the converter to avoid unmelted scrap at the end of the blow. Szekely et al. 14) attributed a key role to carbon dissolved in liquid steel to facilitate scrap melting. Li et al. 15) used steel bars with various sizes to describe scrap melting.An integral approach coupling heat, mass and fluid flow phenomena to understand the DRI melting and dissolu...

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The melting and dissolution of low-carbon steels in iron-carbon melts

Cited by 49 publications

References 4 publications

Comprehensive Model of Oxygen Steelmaking Part 1: Model Development and Validation

Comprehensive Model of Oxygen Steelmaking Part 1: Model Development and Validation

Mathematical Modeling of Scrap Melting in an EAF Using Electromagnetic Stirring

Mathematical Modeling of the Melting Rate of Metallic Particles in the Electric Arc Furnace

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