The Melding of Nanomedicine in Thrombosis Imaging and Treatment: a Review

Abstract

Thromboembolic diseases constitute a plague in our century, wherein an imbalance of hemostasis leads to thrombus formation and vessels constriction reducing blood flow. Hence, the recent rise of nanomedicine gives birth to advanced diagnostic modalities and therapeutic agents for the early diagnosis and treatment of such diseases. Multimodal nanoagents for the detection of intravascular thrombi and nanovehicles for thrombus-targeted fibrinolytic therapy are few paradigms of nanomedicine approaches to overcome current diagnostic treatment roadblocks and persistent clinical needs. This review highlights the nanomedicine strategies to improve the imaging and therapy of acute thrombi by nanoparticles and nanotheranostics, the detailed imaging of thrombogenic proteins and platelets via atomic force microscopy with the knowledge basis of thrombosis pathophysiology and nanotoxicity.

Interaction of Nanoparticles with Blood Components and Associated Pathophysiological Effects

“…It was recently reported that, at low concentrations (50 ng/mL), TiO 2 nanoparticles could trigger the activation of the contact system, leading to inflammation-induced thrombosis in a complete blood in vitro model [44]. [45]. This makes them ideal for theranostics.…”

Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging in Turbid Liquids: A Promising Tool in Nanomedicine

“…Platelets are one of the major players in hemostasis. The conventional OBD-based AFM has been successfully used to study the activation mechanism at the single-cell [ 57 ] and single-molecule level using imaging, recognition imaging and single-molecule force spectroscopy [ 58 ]. The latter study was based on investigations on platelets that were partially fixed and dried in different activation states.…”

Evaluation of the potential of nanoparticles containing active substances in selected chronic diseases

“…For several years, research on the possibilities of using nanotherapy to treat embolism and thrombosis has been conducted. 34 Nanoparticles loaded with fibrinolytic drugs NPs -nanoparticles; SLN -solid lipid NPs; NLC -nanostructured lipid carriers; API -active pharmaceutical ingredient; PLA -lactic acid polymers; PGA -glycol acid polymers; PMMA -poly(methyl methacrylate); PVP -polyvinylpyrrolidone; PEG -polyethylene glycol. Cytotoxicity depends on size, shape and surface charge.…”