The mega-events database: systematising the evidence on mega-event outcomes

Müller, Martín; Wolfe, Sven Daniel; Gogishvili, David; Gaffney, Christopher; Hug, Miriam; Leick, Annick

doi:10.1080/02614367.2021.1998835

Cited by 14 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Data collection and processing. Data were collected from a number of publicly available sources, including official reports from organising committees, the IOC, FIFA and host governments and occasionally audit reports, media and the academic literature, where the aforementioned sources did not yield any conclusive data (see Müller et al, 2021 for a detailed description of our approach). Eight out of a total of 215 data points, equivalent to 3.7%, are missing.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The structural deficit of the Olympics and the World Cup: Comparing costs against revenues over time

2022

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The Olympic Games and the Football World Cups are among the most expensive projects in the world. While available theoretical explanations suggest that the revenues of mega-events are overestimated and the costs underestimated, there is no comprehensive empirical study on whether costs exceed revenues. Based on a custom-built database from public sources, this article compares the revenues and costs of the Olympic Games and World Cups between 1964 and 2018 ( N = 43), together totalling close to USD 70 billion in revenues and more than USD 120 billion in costs. It finds that costs exceeded revenues in most cases: more than four out of five Olympics and World Cups ran a deficit. The average return-on-investment for an event was negative (– 38%), with mean costs of USD 2.8 billion exceeding mean revenues of USD 1.7 billion per event. The 1976 Summer Olympics in Montréal, the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi and the 2002 World Cup in Japan/South Korea recorded the highest absolute deficits. The Summer Olympics 1984 in Los Angeles, the Winter Olympics 2010 in Vancouver and the 2018 World Cup in Russia are among the few events that posted a surplus. The article concludes that the Olympic Games and the Football World Cup suffer from a structural deficit and could not exist without external subsidies. This finding urges a re-evaluation of these events as loss-making ventures that lack financial sustainability.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The structural deficit of the Olympics and the World Cup: Comparing costs against revenues over time

2022

Self Cite

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“…Strides have been made to put more attention on social and environmental impacts, as these are at the forefront of global debate and concern. When events are proposed, bidding nations try and promise a range of impacts (Wise and Maguire, 2022), but delving into legacies after the event shows plans are critiqued because not all benefits are realised (see Müller et al, 2022), and more studies would benefit from empirically grounded understandings (Thomson et al, 2019).…”

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confidence: 99%