The Mediterranean fruit fly in Hawaii /

Abstract

MEDITEERAKEAlsr FRUIT FLY IN HAWAII.. 5 in 1904, it was introduced many years before. In 1893 Baii'stow writes that he was famihar with C, capitata in South Africa in 1880, and that the Rt. E,ev. Bishop Richards remembered damage done as far in the past as 40 years. In 1903-4 Fuller records C. capitata as one of the newly observed pests among the Natal orchards. It is not known whether the introduction in South Africa was by infested fruit from the Madeiras or by the gradual spread overland along the coastal regions, although the Madeiras seem the more probable source. C. capitata was first recorded from Madagascar during 1914, when it was found seriously injuring the peach crop. AUSTRALASU. Western Australia.-The Mediterranean fruit fly was first recorded in Hterature as a pest in Austraha in 1897 by Fuller, who states that it had been known to have been estabhshed in western Austraha for about two years in Claremont and Perth and along the Swan River, especially at Guildford. According to Despeissis, the first report of injury in Austraha was made to the Bureau of Western Austraha in 1894, which was, in his opinion, about one or two years after the date of its actual introduction. The pest has since been recorded from as far north as Geraldton and Northampton and as far south as Bunbury. New South Wales.-In New South Wales the Mediterranean fruit fly was first reared in 1898. French found that peaches imported into Victoria from Sydney were infested and notified Froggatt. Within a few days Froggatt was able to verify this record by rearings of his own from fruit supposed to have been infested by the Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt). As Froggatt had been on the watch for C. capitata, it is probable that it became estabhshed about Sydney during 1898, although Rose, in 1897, states that in the northern part of New South Wales, at Warialda, peaches and nectarines had been nearly aU destroyed in 1897 by a fruit fly first appearing about 1895 and identified by Froggatt as probably C. capitata. According to Froggatt, the pest has spread throughout all the citrus orchards of New South Wales to a greater or less extent. Victoria.-Editorial comment in 1907 states that serious infestation of C. capitata had been recently discovered in the orchards in Goulburn Valley and farther west at Bendigo and at Horsham, and Froggatt is authority for its estabhshment at Albury and for the statement that it is present throughout the northern half of Victoria. Queensland.-There are very few references to the presence of C. capitata in Queensland. Froggatt states, in 1909, that for a long time it was beheved that it was not to be found in this part of Austraha, but that, while it might not be abundant, he had specimens fly" attacks were not so general in Dominica as in former years. The editor of the Review of Applied Entomology erroneously iden-53 68.6

Effect of mixed orchards on Population dynamics and dominant on Tephritid flies in the New Valley Governorate, Egypt

“…Weather factors, (5) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Aug. (4) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sept. (4) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Oct. (5) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Nov. (4) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Dec. (5) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Jan. 2013 (4) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Feb. (4) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 March (4) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Apr. (5) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 May (4) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 June (4) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 July (5) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Aug. (4) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sept. (4) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Oct. (5) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Nov. (4) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Dec. (5) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Jan. 2014 (4) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Feb. (4) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 March (4) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 0.00 0.00 0.58 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.58 Mean 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 % of grand total 0.00 0.00 100 100 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100 (a) Traps were provided by Trimedlure.…”

“…The Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and the peach fruit fly Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) were recorded in the New Valley oases, Western Desert, Egypt, as severe orchard pests [2,3]. The med fly C. capitata was first reported in Spain in 1842 by DeBreme according to Back & Pemberton [4] as mentioned by Eskafi & Kolbe [5]. It is considered as one of the most serious pests world wide, infesting fruits of more than 300 plant species [6].…”

La mosca de la fruta Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: tphritidae) en parcelas de cítricos: Evolución estacional, distribución espacial y posibilidad de control mediante trampeo masivo.

“…Por otro lado, la combinación de un cebo y un insecticida para el control de la mosca de la fruta se ha venido utilizando desde principios del siglo XX (BACK y PEMBERTON, 1918). En este tipo de tratamientos se aprovecha la capacidad de atracción del cebo y el carácter nocivo del insecticida.…”

“…(PLANES y DEL RIVERO, 1955;1963b;1968;PLANES, 1956). Con estas pulverizaciones se pretendía aprovechar el poder de penetración de los productos y su acción sobre las larvas de las moscas en el interior del fruto (MONER et al, 1987).Por otro lado, la combinación de un cebo y un insecticida para el control de la mosca de la fruta se ha venido utilizando desde principios del siglo XX (BACK y PEMBERTON, 1918). En este tipo de tratamientos se aprovecha la capacidad de atracción del cebo y el carácter nocivo del insecticida.…”

Population Suppression in Support of the Sterile Insect Technique

“…Back and Pemberton (1918) described covering of immature fruit with a bag or cloth material to prevent infestation. They also described a system used in Australia of bagging the canopy of trees with mosquito netting, but considered the method too expensive for large-scale use.…”