The Mediterranean diet and risk of colorectal cancer in the UK Women’s Cohort Study

Jones, Philip C.; Cade, Janet; Evans, Charlotte; Hancock, Neil; Greenwood, Darren C.

doi:10.1093/ije/dyx155

Cited by 45 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…Tumors originating proximal to the splenic flexure (cecum, ascending colon and transverse colon) were considered proximal colon cancers, whereas those tumors arising in the descending or sigmoid colon were considered distal colon cancers. Recto sigmoid cancers were defined as rectal cancers and anal cancers were excluded from the analysis as described in previous publications …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The proportional hazards assumption was tested graphically for all terms in the model. To account for the stratified sampling scheme at recruitment, over‐sampling vegetarians and fish‐eaters, statistical models used weights based on the inverse probability of being sampled to provide estimates more representative of the UK population . All the statistical analyses were conducted using Stata version 13 statistical software…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recto sigmoid cancers were defined as rectal cancers and anal cancers were excluded from the analysis as described in previous publications. 29…”

Section: Case Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Common dietary patterns and risk of cancers of the colon and rectum: Analysis from the United Kingdom Women's Cohort Study (UKWCS)

Jauregui

Evans

Jones

et al. 2018

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Few prospective cohort studies in the UK have specifically focused on the associations between commonly consumed dietary patterns and colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of our study was to assess whether red meat, poultry, fish and vegetarian dietary patterns are associated with differences in the incidence of cancers of colon and rectum in the UKWCS. Four common dietary patterns were defined based on a hierarchy of consumption of red meat, poultry and fish for each cohort participant, using a 217‐item food frequency questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to provide adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for CRC. A total of 32,147 women recruited and surveyed between 1995 and 1998 were followed up for a mean of 17.2 years (426,798 person‐years). A total of 462 incident CRC cases were documented; 335 colon cancers (172 proximal and 119 distal) and 152 in the rectum. In multivariable‐adjusted models, there was no evidence of a reduction in risk of overall CRC (HR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.66–1.12), colon cancer (HR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.56–1.05) or rectal cancer (HR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.66–1.63) when comparing grouped red meat free diets with diets containing red meat. Exploratory analysis suggested a reduced risk of distal colon cancer in grouped red meat free diets (HR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.34–0.95), though numbers with this outcome were small. These results indicate that a protective association of red meat free diets specifically on distal colon cancer merits confirmation in a larger study.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Common dietary patterns and risk of cancers of the colon and rectum: Analysis from the United Kingdom Women's Cohort Study (UKWCS)

Jauregui

Evans

Jones

et al. 2018

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…Since olive oil is an important dietary factor in Mediterranean diet, and there is some evidence which indicates that the incidence rate of colorectal cancer is much lower in Mediterranean countries as compared to Northern countries such as USA and UK . Recently, some case–control studies revealed that Mediterranean diet reduced the risk of colorectal cancer and lowered the mortality rate . Moreover, a clinical trial reported in JAMA Internal Medicine revealed that Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra virgin olive oil showed a 62% lowered risk of breast cancer .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…56 Recently, some case-control studies revealed that Mediterranean diet reduced the risk of colorectal cancer and lowered the mortality rate. [57][58][59] Moreover, a clinical trial reported in JAMA Internal Medicine revealed that Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra virgin olive oil showed a 62% lowered risk of breast cancer. 60 However, very few studies have been undertaken in exploring the molecular mechanism behind the anti-cancer activity of olive oil.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemopreventive role of olive oil in colon carcinogenesis by targeting noncoding RNAs and methylation machinery

Nanda

Mahmood

Bhatia

et al. 2018

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Epigenetic therapy induced by dietary components has become a strong interest in the field of cancer prevention. Olive oil, a potent dietary chemopreventive agent, control colon cancer, however, its role in epigenetic therapy remains unclear. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effect of olive oil in a preclinical model of colon cancer by targeting genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. DMH was used to induce colon cancer in rats; while olive oil was given to separate group of rats along with DMH treatment. Tumor burden and incidence in DMH and DMH + olive oil-treated rats was observed by macroscopic examination and histoarchitectural studies. Potent anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and pro-apoptotic activity of olive oil was explored by gene expression and immunohistochemical studies. The effect of olive oil on epigenetic alterations was examined by detecting promoter methylation with MS-HRM and dysregulation of miRNA by TaqMan MicroRNA Assay. We observed that olive oil administration lowered tumor incidence and inhibited the development of tumors in DMH-treated rats. Olive oil markedly decreased the expression of inflammatory and angiogenic markers and restored the expression of pro-apoptotic markers in DMH-treated rats. Furthermore, the inverse relationship between gene expression and DNA methylation, deviant miRNA pattern and miRNA silencing mediated by aberrant DNA methylation was also seen in DMH-treated rats, which was potentially reversible upon olive oil treatment. Our study concludes that olive oil may play a role in the epigenetic therapy by altering NF-κB and apoptotic pathways via targeting noncoding RNAs and methylation machinery that affecting epigenome to prevent colon carcinogenesis.

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Non‐genetic biomarkers and colorectal cancer risk: Umbrella review and evidence triangulation

Zhang

Yang

et al. 2020

Cancer Medicine

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Several associations between non‐genetic biomarkers and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk have been detected, but the strength of evidence and the direction of associations are not confirmed. We aimed to evaluate the evidence of these associations and integrate results from different approaches to assess causal inference. We searched Medline and Embase for meta‐analyses of observational studies, meta‐analyses of randomized clinical trials (RCTs), and Mendelian randomization (MR) studies measuring the associations between non‐genetic biomarkers and CRC risk and meta‐analyses of RCTs on supplementary micronutrients. We repeated the meta‐analyses using random‐effects models and categorized the evidence based on predefined criteria. We described each MR study and evaluated their credibility. Seventy‐two meta‐analyses of observational studies and 18 MR studies on non‐genetic biomarkers and six meta‐analyses of RCTs on micronutrient intake and CRC risk considering 65, 42, and five unique associations, respectively, were identified. No meta‐analyses of RCTs on blood level biomarkers have been found. None of the associations were classified as convincing or highly suggestive, three were classified as suggestive, and 26 were classified as weak. For three biomarkers explored in MR studies, there was evidence of causality and seven were classified as likely noncausal. For the first time, results from both observational and MR studies were integrated by triangulating the evidence for a wide variety of non‐genetic biomarkers and CRC risk. At blood level, lower vitamin D, higher homeostatic model assessment‐insulin resistance, and human papillomavirus infection were associated with higher CRC risk while increased linoleic acid and oleic acid and decreased arachidonic acid were likely causally associated with lower CRC risk. No association was found convincing in both study types.

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The Mediterranean diet and risk of colorectal cancer in the UK Women’s Cohort Study

Abstract: Background: Evidence from epidemiological studies investigating associations between

Cited by 45 publications

References 33 publications

Common dietary patterns and risk of cancers of the colon and rectum: Analysis from the United Kingdom Women's Cohort Study (UKWCS)

Common dietary patterns and risk of cancers of the colon and rectum: Analysis from the United Kingdom Women's Cohort Study (UKWCS)

Chemopreventive role of olive oil in colon carcinogenesis by targeting noncoding RNAs and methylation machinery

Non‐genetic biomarkers and colorectal cancer risk: Umbrella review and evidence triangulation

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