The medieval iron market in Ariège (France). Multidisciplinary analytical approach and multivariate analyses

Leroy, Stéphanie; Cohen, Serge; Verna, Catherine; Gratuze, Bernard; Téreygeol, Florian; Fluzin, Philippe; Bertrand, Loïc; Dillmann, Philippe

doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.11.025

Cited by 73 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Focus is placed on exploiting the chemical signatures maintained between bloomery slag and artifact SIs to test provenance hypotheses. An alternative multivariate strategy emphasizing the chemical signatures maintained between ore and artifact SIs can be found in Leroy (2010) and Leroy et al (2012). Multivariate techniques not only provide an efficient means of identifying and visualizing group structure in large compositional data sets, but also generate a chemical explanation for the observed patterns (Neff, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…How well this strategy will perform in cases where larger numbers of training sets are involved is unknown. It is an unfortunate fact that the behavior of P 2 O 5 dan oxide useful in discriminating iron ores (e.g., Desaulty et al, 2009;Leroy et al, 2012)dprohibits its use in the SI provenance approach developed here (compare supplemental Figs. S4 and S5 to Figs.…”

Section: Constraints To the Construction And Use Of Provenance Hypothmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Debate, too, has been limited, resulting in multiple analytical strategies and few opportunities for demonstrating their general applicability. Among the approaches taken are chemical analyses of the metal in comparison to potential ores (Devos et al, 2000), isotopic ratio analysis of the metal in comparison to potential ores (Degryse et al, 2007(Degryse et al, , 2009Schwab et al, 2006) and, most commonly, the chemical analysis of slag inclusions (SIs) in the metal in comparison to potential ironmaking regions or ore bodies (Blakelock et al, 2009;Buchwald, 2005;Coustures et al, 2003Coustures et al, , 2006Desaulty et al, 2008;Desaulty et al, 2009;Gordon and van der Merwe, 1984;Hedges and Salter, 1979;Leroy, 2010, Leroy et al, 2011, 2012.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Blakelock et al (2009) introduced greater statistical sophistication to oxideratio comparisons through the inclusion of a series of t-tests to evaluate the likelihood that SIs and smelting slag were derived from the same chemical population. The most complex approaches include the use of multivariate statistics as an aid for distinguishing groups (e.g., Hedges and Salter, 1979) or inferring group memberships (e.g., Leroy, 2010;Leroy et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating the production provenance of iron artifacts with multivariate methods

Charlton

Blakelock²,

Martinón‐Torres

et al. 2012

Journal of Archaeological Science

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a b s t r a c tThe quest for suitable data, data treatments and statistical methods for identifying the provenance of iron artifacts has led to a variety of analytical strategies. Researchers working on the problem have been slow to develop or adopt the use of multivariate statistical techniques, despite their successful implementation in other archaeomaterials sourcing frameworks. This paper explores the analytical potential of a comprehensive multivariate statistical strategy for identifying the primary production origins of bloomery iron artifacts using bulk chemical analyses of bloomery smelting slag and slag inclusions in iron artifacts. This strategy includes a multivariate model for identifying distinct slag inclusion types introduced during smelting and refining. Principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis are then applied to smelting slag training sets to create multivariate provenance fields, the chemical distributions of which are defined by kernel density estimation. Single and multi-group evaluation methods are examined. Appropriate data transformations are discussed to facilitate the projection of the chemistry of "unknown" slag inclusions into the multidimensional space generated by the smelting slag groups of known provenance. The efficacy of this strategy is demonstrated through its application to a previously examined data set derived from three iron production experiments and a published archaeological example. Results indicate that an appropriately designed multivariate strategy can be an effective tool for evaluating provenance hypotheses for bloomery iron artifacts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Constraints To the Construction And Use Of Provenance Hypothmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Investigating the production provenance of iron artifacts with multivariate methods

Charlton

Blakelock²,

Martinón‐Torres

et al. 2012

Journal of Archaeological Science

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“…This is linked to the crucial question of provenance and circulation of materials and artefacts. Determining the chemical compositions of the trace elements (Leroy et al 2012) and/or the isotopic composition (Brauns et al 2013) can approach this. Because ancient systems and artefacts are per nature heterogeneous at different scales, and because these trace elements and isotopes are heterogeneously distributed in the material, investigation at different scales must here also be implemented.…”

Section: Issues Dealing With "Heritage Systems"mentioning

confidence: 99%

From Archaeological Sites to Nanoscale: The Quest of Tailored Analytical Strategy and Modelling

Bellot‐Gurlet

Dillmann

Neff

2016

Nanoscience and Cultural Heritage

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Last developments of nano probes allows scientists of Cultural Heritage to assess a new kind of information that is crucial in the different topics concerned by the field: determining ancient manufacturing processes, studying use and provenance of ancient artefacts, revealing the degradation processes and developing adapted cleaning and conservation treatments. Nevertheless to be useful, these nanoscale approaches must be integrated in a tailored multi-step analysis. The final aim of these approaches will be to reach understanding and/or reliable modelling of the behaviours of the ancient systems. A first part of this chapter will review the issues in Cultural Heritage and the nature of the physico-chemical data that can be collected on the systems. In a second part, a selection of examples dealing with nano characterisation in Cultural Heritage will allow us to present several up to date techniques and methodologies employed in Cultural Heritage science. Then, the third part of the chapter will review some of the different modelling attempts that where already made in the domain of Cultural Heritage, and that were based on the use of physico-chemical descriptions at different scales. The challenge for the next future will be, for different kind of materials and environments, to propose multiscale models from nano to functional scale. Some key steps to face these challenges bridging the gap between multiscale descriptive characterisation and numerical modelling are reviewed here.L. Bellot-Gurlet MONARIS "de la Molécule aux Nano-objets: Réactivité, Interactions et Spectroscopies", UMR 8233,

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Nd and Sr isotopic composition of ancient iron‐made artifacts and ores from northwest Russia

2018

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Iron‐made artifacts from northwest Russia, including nails, arrowheads, and brackets used in the 13th–19th centuries, have a wide range of Sr and Nd isotopic composition (87Sr/86Sr = 0.710–0.737 and 143Nd/144Nd = 0.5115–0.5124). Authigenic iron ore sites mined in the region from 10th to 19th centuries preserve a similar range of isotopic compositions, suggesting artifacts retain the Sr and Nd signatures of their parent ores. Analyses of the ores also reveal two broad regions distinguished by their isotopic compositions, with the Precambrian Baltic craton in the northern part of the region having very radiogenic Sr and unradiogenic Nd isotopic compositions (87Sr/86Sr >0.7177 and 143Nd/144Nd <0.5119) compared with ores from the Paleozoic sedimentary cover of the East European platform to the south. The recognition of distinct geochemical provinces permits identification of the broad regions from which the various ores were mined, and demonstrates the utility of applying radiogenic isotopic analyses to artifacts and their potential geologic sources.

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The medieval iron market in Ariège (France). Multidisciplinary analytical approach and multivariate analyses

Cited by 73 publications

References 19 publications

Investigating the production provenance of iron artifacts with multivariate methods

Investigating the production provenance of iron artifacts with multivariate methods

From Archaeological Sites to Nanoscale: The Quest of Tailored Analytical Strategy and Modelling

Nd and Sr isotopic composition of ancient iron‐made artifacts and ores from northwest Russia

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