The medicinal uses of cannabis and its constituents

Formukong, E.; Evans, A.T.; Evans, Fred J.

doi:10.1002/ptr.2650030602

Cited by 31 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 120 publications

(95 reference statements)

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“…Adverse reactions to cannabis include panic or anxiety attacks, which are worse in the elderly and in women, and less likely in children. They are mainly due to THC and are lessened by the presence of CBD [25]. …”

Section: Adverse Effects and Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Naftali

Mechulam

Lev³

et al. 2014

Dig Dis

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The marijuana plant Cannabis sativa has been used for centuries as a treatment for a variety of ailments. It contains over 60 different cannabinoid compounds. Studies have revealed that the endocannabinoid system is involved in almost all major immune events. Cannabinoids may, therefore, be beneficial in inflammatory disorders. In murine colitis, cannabinoids decrease histologic and microscopic inflammation. In humans, cannabis has been used to treat a plethora of gastrointestinal problems, including anorexia, emesis, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and diabetic gastroparesis. Despite anecdotal reports on medical cannabis in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), there are few controlled studies. In an observational study in 30 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), we found that medical cannabis was associated with improvement in disease activity and reduction in the use of other medications. In a more recent placebo-controlled study in 21 chronic CD patients, we showed a decrease in the CD activity index >100 in 10 of 11 subjects on cannabis compared to 4 of 10 on placebo. Complete remission was achieved in 5 of 11 subjects in the cannabis group and 1 of 10 in the placebo group. Yet, in an additional study, low-dose cannabidiol did not have an effect on CD activity. In summary, evidence is gathering that manipulating the endocannabinoid system can have beneficial effects in IBD, but further research is required to declare cannabinoids a medicine. We need to establish the specific cannabinoids, as well as appropriate medical conditions, optimal dose, and mode of administration, to maximize the beneficial effects while avoiding any potential harmful effects of cannabinoid use.

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Section: Adverse Effects and Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Naftali

Mechulam

Lev³

et al. 2014

Dig Dis

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“…Besides their established clinical antiemetic action (Voth and Schwartz, 1997;Gralla, 1999), cannabinoid receptor agonists also possess appetite stimulant, anticonvulsant, antinociceptive, hypothermic, and antiglaucoma properties (Formukong et al, 1989;Mattes et al, 1994;Pertwee, 1999;Porcella et al, 2001).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of NESS 0327: A Novel Putative Antagonist of the CB₁Cannabinoid Receptor

Ruiu

Pinna²,

Marchese³

et al. 2003

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

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The compound N-piperidinyl-[8-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo [6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-c]pyrazole-3-carboxamide] (NESS 0327) was synthesized and evaluated for binding affinity toward cannabinoid CB 1 and CB 2 receptor. NESS 0327 exhibited a stronger selectivity for CB 1 receptor compared with, showing a much higher affinity for CB 1 receptor (K i ϭ 350 Ϯ 5 fM and 1.8 Ϯ 0.075 nM, respectively) and a higher affinity for the CB 2 receptor (K i ϭ 21 Ϯ 0.5 nM and 514 Ϯ 30 nM, respectively). Affinity ratios demonstrated that NESS 0327 was more than 60,000-fold selective for the CB 1 receptor, whereas SR 141716A only 285-fold. NESS 0327 alone did not produce concentration-dependent stimulation of guanosine 5Ј-O-(3-[ Interest in the pharmacology of cannabinoids (CBs) has rapidly increased after the cloning of cannabinoid receptors and the discovery of their endogenous ligand: arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide) (Devane et al., 1988(Devane et al., , 1992Munro et al., 1993). Two types of cannabinoid receptors, CB 1 and CB 2 , have been characterized, both of which have distinct anatomical distributions and ligand binding profiles. Cannabinoid CB 1 receptors are present in the central nervous system with the highest densities in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and striatum (Herkenham et al., 1990;Howlett, 1998), and to a lesser extent in several peripheral tissues. Cannabinoid CB 2 receptors seem to be predominantly located in peripheral tissues (Pertwee, 1997(Pertwee, , 1999Galiègue et al., 1995). Both receptors belong to the G protein-coupled family of receptors that negatively regulate adenylate cyclase and control the release of arachidonic acid (Howlett, 1995). Naturally occurring [⌬ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (⌬ 9 -THC) and ⌬ 8 -THC] and synthetic cannabinoid agonists CP 55,940, and WIN 55, produce a number of effects in mice (hypoactivity, catalepsy, hypothermia, and antinociception) that are collectively known as the tetrad of cannabinoidinduced behaviors (Abood and Martin, 1992;Compton et al., 1992Compton et al., , 1993. These behaviors are of a central origin and are thought to be mediated via the cannabinoid CB 1 receptor (Rinaldi-Carmona et al., 1994;Compton et al., 1996;Lichtman and Martin, 1997), whereas the CB 2 receptor may mediate some of the peripheral effects of ⌬ 9 -THC, such as immunosuppression (Martin, 1986).The cloning of CB 1 and CB 2 receptors and the subsequent development of selective tools have advanced the concept of Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at

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“…This plant posses a unique class of compounds, the cannabinoids, with diverse chemical structures (currently 70 known) which might interact with each other pharmacologically (Mechoulam and BenShabat 1999). The pharmacologic and therapeutic potential of preparations of Cannabis and its main active constituent, D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (D 9 -THC), have been reported and reviewed by several authors (Brenneisen et al 1996;Formukong et al 1989;Grinspoon and Bakalar 1997;Mattes et al 1993Mattes et al , 1994Mechoulam 1986;Chandra et al 2010a, b). Besides its psychoactivity, D 9 -THC possesses analgesic, anti-inflammatory, appetite stimulant and anti-emetic properties making this cannabinoid a very promising drug for therapeutic purposes (Sirikantaramas et al 2007).…”

Section: Dpmentioning

confidence: 97%

In vitro germplasm conservation of high Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol yielding elite clones of Cannabis sativa L. under slow growth conditions

et al. 2011

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Germplasm conservation of a high D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol yielding variety of Cannabis sativa L. was attempted using synthetic seed technology and media supplemented with osmotic agents. Explants of nodal segments containing single axillary bud were excised from in vitro proliferated shoot cultures and encapsulated in high-density sodium alginate (230 mM) hardened by 50 mM CaCl 2 . The 'encapsulated' (synthetic seeds) and 'non-encapsulated' nodal segments were stored at 5, 15 and 25°C for 8, 16 and 24 weeks and monitored for the re-growth and survival frequency under the tissue culture conditions (16-h photoperiod, 25°C) on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with thidiazuron (TDZ 0.5 lM). 'Encapsulated' nodal segments could be stored at low temperature 15°C up to 24 weeks with maximum regrowth ability and survival frequency of 60%. Similar to 'encapsulated' cultures, the highest re-growth in 'nonencapsulated' cultures was observed in the explants kept at 15°C without osmotic agents. Furthermore, the effect of osmotic agents mannitol and sorbitol (2 and 4% w/v, added individually and in combination to the media at culture room conditions i.e. 25°C) on non-encapsulated shoot cultures was also evaluated. A considerable decrease in re-growth and survival was observed in the cultures treated with osmotic agents. Among the cultures treated with different concentrations of osmotic agents, the highest rate of re-growth and survival was observed at the lowest concentration of 2% sorbitol and 2% mannitol individually added to the media. Well-developed plantlets regenerated from 'encapsulated' nodal segments were successfully acclimatized inside the growing room with 90% survival frequency. Gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was used to compare the chemical profile and the concentration of the different cannabinoids (cannabidiol, cannabichromene, cannabigerol, cannabinol, D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol and tetrahydrocannabivarin) of the plants grown from 'encapsulated' nodal segments to that of the donor plant. The data showed similar cannabinoid profile and insignificant differences in the cannabinoids content between the two types of plants. This study is of high significance since the encapsulation technology would allow the prolonged storage (thus reducing the cost of labor) of high-yielding C. sativa germplasm selected for the isolation of THC, a high-value bulk active pharmaceutic.

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The medicinal uses of cannabis and its constituents

Cited by 31 publications

References 120 publications

Cannabis for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Cannabis for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Synthesis and Characterization of NESS 0327: A Novel Putative Antagonist of the CB₁Cannabinoid Receptor

In vitro germplasm conservation of high Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol yielding elite clones of Cannabis sativa L. under slow growth conditions

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The medicinal uses of cannabis and its constituents

Cited by 31 publications

References 120 publications

Cannabis for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Cannabis for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Synthesis and Characterization of NESS 0327: A Novel Putative Antagonist of the CB1Cannabinoid Receptor

In vitro germplasm conservation of high Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol yielding elite clones of Cannabis sativa L. under slow growth conditions

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Synthesis and Characterization of NESS 0327: A Novel Putative Antagonist of the CB₁Cannabinoid Receptor