The medical aspects of EMI effect on patients implanted with pacemakers

Recent Progress in Poly (3,4‐Ethylene Dioxythiophene): Polystyrene Sulfonate Based Composite Materials for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

“…Therefore, study of the effect of thickness and density of shielding materials are very essential. Specific EMI shielding effectiveness (SSE), absolute EMI shielding effectiveness (SSE t ), and EMI shielding efficiency (%) are calculated by the following equations: [10,11,[13][14][15] SSE = EMI SE density = dB cm 3 g −1 = dBcm 3 g −1 (16)…”

“…Prolonged exposure to EM radiation leads to damage to biological systems and may cause severe diseases. For the treatment of various medical disorders, the modern medical field uses many implantable devices, including pacemakers [15], deep brain stimulators [16], and vagus nerve stimulators, which are activated by external signals.…”

“…Therefore, study of the effect of thickness and density of shielding materials are very essential. Specific EMI shielding effectiveness (SSE), absolute EMI shielding effectiveness (SSE t ), and EMI shielding efficiency (%) are calculated by the following equations: [ 10,11,13–15 ] $$$$\begin{equation}{\mathrm{SSE\ }} = \ \frac{{EMI\ SE}}{{density}}\ = \ \frac{{dB}}{{c{m}^3{g}^{ - 1}}}\ = {\mathrm{\ dB cm}}^3{{\mathrm{g}}}^{ - 1}\end{equation}$$$$ $$$$\begin{equation}{\mathrm{SSE}}_{\mathrm{t}}{\mathrm{ = }}\frac{{SSE}}{{thickness}}\ = \ \frac{{dB\ c{m}^3{g}^{ - 1}}}{{cm}}\ = {\mathrm{ dB cm}}^2{{\mathrm{g}}}^{ - 1}\end{equation}$$$$ $$$$\begin{equation}{\mathrm{Shielding efficiency }}\left( {\mathrm{\% }} \right){\mathrm{ = 100 - }}{\left( {{\mathrm{1}}{{\mathrm{0}}}^{{\mathrm{SE/10}}}} \right)}^{{\mathrm{ - 1}}}{\mathrm{x 100}}\end{equation}$$$$…”

Washable and breathable ultrathin copper-coated nonwoven polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric with chlorinated poly-para-xylylene (parylene-C) encapsulation for electromagnetic interference shielding application

“…5 Especially for patients with implanted cardiac pacemakers, a higher electromagnetic radiation environment will affect the regular work of the pacemaker, which causes a lot of inconvenience and health risks for patients. 6,7 Wearing the EMI shielding technical clothing to block the extra electromagnetic radiation, has been approved as one of the efficient methods for EMI shielding, which is capable of attenuating electromagnetic radiation propagation efficiently via reflection, absorption, and multi-reflection inside the material. [8][9][10] Among them, conductive textiles fabricated by assembling metal particle coatings on fabrics through the mass-producible ways of electroless or electroplating are one of the most typical representatives.…”

“…5 Especially for patients with implanted cardiac pacemakers, a higher electromagnetic radiation environment will affect the regular work of the pacemaker, which causes a lot of inconvenience and health risks for patients. 6,7…”