“…For a formally more rigorous and elegant version of the Downsian model, see, for instance,Shubik (1968) andDavis, Hinich and Ordeshook (1970); for a formal proof of the medianvoter theorem, seeBlack (1958) and alsoOrdcshook (1986); and for empirical studies evaluating whether policies are indeed aimed at achieving the median voter's policy optimum, seeRomer and Rosenthal (1979) for a survey, as well asGramlich and Rubinfeld (1982), Pommerehne (1978), and, more recently,Turnbull and Chang (1998). Results are generally supportive of the median-voter theorem.28 The numbers approximate "ideology" and can be thought of as one hundred times the value of the share of private sector output in total economic output.…”