“…Conversely, there is an alternative explanation that states that the process of political communication is a “virtuous circle” in which the attention to news media gradually reinforces civic engagement, just as civic engagement strengthens attention to news (Norris, 2000). Indeed, the type of media that are consumed may have differential effects on civic activity or political knowledge (Hooghe, 2002; Jeffres, Dobos, & Lee, 1988; Keum, Devanathan, Deshpande, Nelson, & Shah, 2004; O’Neill, 2009; Prior, 2003; Shah, 1998), but they do enhance civic engagement. Furthermore, the American public may be underinformed rather than uninformed, as the public consists mostly of information generalists rather than information specialists (Delli Carpini & Keeter, 2002).…”