The Mechanisms of Anabolic Steroids, Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators and Myostatin Inhibitors

Park, Jeremy; Mcllvain, Vera; Rosenberg, Jared; Donovan, Lorin; Desai, Priya; Kim, Joon Young

doi:10.5763/kjsm.2022.40.2.67

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“… 65 The molecular mechanisms of AAS involve interactions at the cellular and molecular levels, influencing gene expression, protein synthesis, and cellular signaling pathways. 66 Several studies have investigated the molecular mechanisms of AAS. For instance, research has shown that AAS usage can induce changes in gene expression in muscle cells, contributing to muscle growth and potentially muscle memory.…”

Section: Molecular Mechanisms Of Aasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This suggests that AAS might lead to the retention of myonuclei in muscle tissue, which could contribute to long-term muscle adaptations. 66 , 67…”

Section: Molecular Mechanisms Of Aasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These adverse effects are likely to arise from 17-α-alkylation modification, which makes their use desirable for oral intake. 66 Moreover, such substitutions facilitate the potency and duration of action of these anabolic steroids. Hepatotoxic events are related to elevated liver transaminases, translating into acute cholestatic syndrome.…”

Section: Effects On Livermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This suggests that AAS might lead to the retention of myonuclei in muscle tissue, which could contribute to long-term muscle adaptations. 66,67 AAS has also been found to influence cardiac function and the central nervous system. 68 Chronic use of AAS has been associated with ventricular repolarization disturbances and disruptions in areas of the central nervous system, leading to behavioral changes.…”

Section: Molecular Mechanisms Of Aasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Uses of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Among Athletes; Its Positive and Negative Aspects- A Literature Review

Wenbo,

Yan

2023

JMDH

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The use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) for strength training and muscle building is a widespread practice among athletes and young individuals. Athletes and bodybuilders are using these substances for various purposes, such as enhancing muscle mass, strengthening their bodies, and enhancing their performances. AAS exert a wide range of physiological effects that result in the activation of central signaling, resulting in adverse effects. Moreover, excessive use of AAS which can be categorized as AAS abuse; is linked to biological and psychological pathologies, which can lead to mortality. Complications arising from steroid abuse involve both cellular and physiological complications. Cellular complications arise when activation of signaling proteins like mTOR, Akt, etc. leads to alteration in protein synthesis pathways, cell cycle, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, contributing to damage at the cellular level. Physiological complications are evident with cardiovascular pathologies, including an altered lipid profile, cardiac hypertrophy, hypogonadism after discontinuation of AAS, and modulation of GABA receptors in the brain, all contributed by the androgen receptor signaling. Clinical complications budding from these altered physiological processes lead to clinical effects like testicular dysfunction, acne, gynecomastia, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite potential therapeutic benefits, AAS use is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) due to concerns over adverse health effects. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms, physiological processes, and clinical complications arising from the excessive use of AAS among athletes.

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Section: Molecular Mechanisms Of Aasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This suggests that AAS might lead to the retention of myonuclei in muscle tissue, which could contribute to long-term muscle adaptations. 66 , 67…”

Section: Molecular Mechanisms Of Aasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects On Livermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Molecular Mechanisms Of Aasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Uses of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Among Athletes; Its Positive and Negative Aspects- A Literature Review

Wenbo,

Yan

2023

JMDH

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“…The initial inflammatory response following muscle damage is primarily mediated through NF-κB, prostaglandins, and COX activator of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MPS [64][65][66]70,75 . To surpass natural limits of body composition and performance, some may experiment with performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) 10 . Several hormones not detailed in this review, such as testosterone and estrogen, are also involved in skeletal muscle anabolism…”

Section: Summary and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Barbells to Brawns: The Physiology of Resistance Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Growth

Park

Mcllvain

Rosenberg

et al. 2022

Korean J Sports Med

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A complex network of biochemical pathways carries out the process of muscle regeneration/growth following resistance exercise. The initial inflammatory response following muscle damage is primarily mediated by the nuclear factor κ -light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κ B), cyclooxygenase enzymes, and prostaglandins. Muscle damage also stimulates the activation, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and fusion of satellite cells onto damaged myofibers, resulting in myofibrillar hypertrophy. The progression of the myogenic lineage is predominantly coordinated by the wingless/integrated family of glycoproteins which engages in crosstalk with NF-κ B and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signaling-regulated kinase network. The MAPK cascade is essential for mechanotransduction, the process of converting mechanical stimuli into biochemical responses such as accelerated protein synthesis and satellite cell activation. Muscle protein synthesis is primarily governed by the insulin-like growth factor 1/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Several calcium-dependent pathways are also integrated into the process of myogenesis and influence skeletal muscle plasticity. These dynamic interactions are part of the anabolic priming by resistance exercise effect, which defines resistance exercise as an acute catabolic event that potentiates multiple downstream anabolic pathways. Plateaus in muscle growth are attributed to deteriorating inflammatory signaling with repeated bouts of muscle damage as well as increasing thresholds for continuous adaptations, which ultimately become unreachable beyond a certain point. The physiological ceiling of skeletal muscle mass is also credited to myostatin. However, recent discoveries suggest the role of myostatin is not limited to preventing excessive skeletal muscle hypertrophy.

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YK11 induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in hippocampus: The interplay between a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) and exercise

Dahleh

Bortolotto

Guerra

et al. 2023

The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

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The Mechanisms of Anabolic Steroids, Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators and Myostatin Inhibitors

Cited by 3 publications

References 97 publications

The Uses of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Among Athletes; Its Positive and Negative Aspects- A Literature Review

The Uses of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Among Athletes; Its Positive and Negative Aspects- A Literature Review

From Barbells to Brawns: The Physiology of Resistance Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Growth

YK11 induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in hippocampus: The interplay between a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) and exercise

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