The mechanism underlying extrapulmonary complications of the coronavirus disease 2019 and its therapeutic implication

Abstract

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly transmissible disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that poses a major threat to global public health. Although COVID-19 primarily affects the respiratory system, causing severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome in severe cases, it can also result in multiple extrapulmonary complications. The pathogenesis of extrapulmonary damage in patients with COVID-19 is probably multifactorial, involving both the direct effects of SARS-CoV-2 and the indirect mechanisms associated with the host inflammatory response. Recognition of features and pathogenesis of extrapulmonary complications has clinical implications for identifying disease progression and designing therapeutic strategies. This review provides an overview of the extrapulmonary complications of COVID-19 from immunological and pathophysiologic perspectives and focuses on the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets for the management of COVID-19.

Spatial region-resolved proteome map reveals mechanism of COVID-19-associated heart injury

“…About 12%-41% of patients with COVID-19 had cardiac injury (Akhmerov and Marba ´n, 2020;Friedrich and Cooper, 2021;Sandoval et al, 2020). Cardiovascular injury is the most common extrapulmonary organ complication among critically ill patients, and its presentation ranges from mild symptoms of palpitation or chest tightness to viral myocarditis, heart failure, arrhythmia, cardiogenic shock, and sudden death (Guo et al, 2020;Gupta et al, 2020;Madjid et al, 2020;Ning et al, 2022). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) promotes the abnormal release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by activated endothelial cells, monocytes, and lymphocytes.…”

Medicinal Herbs in the Relief of Neurological, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Symptoms after COVID-19 Infection A Literature Review

“…COVID-19 primarily affects the respiratory system, causing severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome in severe cases; it can also result in multiple extrapulmonary complications. The pathogenesis of extrapulmonary damage in patients with COVID-19 is probably multifactorial, involving both the direct effects of SARS-CoV-2 and the indirect mechanisms associated with the host inflammatory response [ 11 ]. The majority of the patients with COVID-19 have fever and cough.…”

Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Origin in Children: Early Observations from the 2022 Outbreak

“…Like other RNA viruses, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved rapidly, producing mutants that differ significantly from ancestral strains, and being associated with increased transmissibility and viral virulence, decreased diagnostic sensitivity, and potential influence on vaccination, such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron variants. 25 The current endemic variant in Europe and the Americas is the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, which was designated by WHO on 26 November 2021. 26 The Omicron variant has a total of 60 mutations and exhibits a higher transmissibility than the Delta variant.…”