The Mechanism of the Lumbar Spine

Gracovetsky, Serge; Farfan, H F; Lamy, Clifford

doi:10.1097/00007632-198105000-00007

Cited by 148 publications

(57 citation statements)

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“…(21)(22)(23) The present study is evidence for previous observations made by Porter, (24) who notes that weight lifters can lift heavier weights with an intact lumbar lordosis than if the lordosis is allowed to be flattened or reversed.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Strength gains through lumbar lordosis restoration

Morningstar¹

2003

Journal of Chiropractic Medicine

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Strength gains through lumbar lordosis restoration

Morningstar¹

2003

Journal of Chiropractic Medicine

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“…They monitor proprioceptive information and signal potentially injurious deformations of the ligaments and joints (Schultz et al 1984). In the posterior ligaments of the lumbar spine, they could be involved in the stress-monitoring system postulated by Gracovetsky and Farfan (1981).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurohistology of lumbar spine ligaments

Yahia

Newman

Rivard

1988

Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica

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“…Lifting has been categorized as either squat or stoop often with no recording of changes in the lumbar lordosis, which may influence the risk of injury [68,82]. The kyphotic lift (i.e., fully flexed lumbar spine) is recommended by some, as it utilizes the passive posterior ligamentous system (i.e., posterior ligaments and lumbodorsal fascia) to their maximum thus relieving the active extensor muscles [36,37]. In contrast, however, others advocate lordotic and straight-back postures indicating that posterior ligaments cannot effectively protect the spine and an increase in erector spinae activities is beneficial in increasing stability and reducing segmental shear forces [22,45,47,66,100].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of squat and stoop dynamic liftings: muscle forces and internal spinal loads

2006

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Despite the well-recognized role of lifting in back injuries, the relative biomechanical merits of squat versus stoop lifting remain controversial. In vivo kinematics measurements and model studies are combined to estimate trunk muscle forces and internal spinal loads under dynamic squat and stoop lifts with and without load in hands. Measurements were performed on healthy subjects to collect segmental rotations during lifts needed as input data in subsequent model studies. The model accounted for nonlinear properties of the ligamentous spine, wrapping of thoracic extensor muscles to take curved paths in flexion and trunk dynamic characteristics (inertia and damping) while subject to measured kinematics and gravity/ external loads. A dynamic kinematics-driven approach was employed accounting for the spinal synergy by simultaneous consideration of passive structures and muscle forces under given posture and loads. Results satisfied kinematics and dynamic equilibrium conditions at all levels and directions. Net moments, muscle forces at different levels, passive (muscle or ligamentous) forces and internal compression/shear forces were larger in stoop lifts than in squat ones. These were due to significantly larger thorax, lumbar and pelvis rotations in stoop lifts. For the relatively slow lifting tasks performed in this study with the lowering and lifting phases each lasting~2 s, the effect of inertia and damping was not, in general, important. Moreover, posterior shift in the position of the external load in stoop lift reaching the same lever arm with respect to the S1 as that in squat lift did not influence the conclusion of this study on the merits of squat lifts over stoop ones. Results, for the tasks considered, advocate squat lifting over stoop lifting as the technique of choice in reducing net moments, muscle forces and internal spinal loads (i.e., moment, compression and shear force).

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The Mechanism of the Lumbar Spine

Cited by 148 publications

References 0 publications

Strength gains through lumbar lordosis restoration

Strength gains through lumbar lordosis restoration

Neurohistology of lumbar spine ligaments

Analysis of squat and stoop dynamic liftings: muscle forces and internal spinal loads

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