The Mechanism of the High-Temperature Oxidation of Iron-Chromium Alloys in Water Vapor

Fujii, C. T.; Meussner, R.A.

doi:10.1149/1.2425963

Cited by 196 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 1 publication

(1 reference statement)

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“…Later, nodule-like oxides are formed locally, and then the alloy shows accelerated oxidation behavior, resulting in a large mass gain [1][2][3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TDS Measurement of Hydrogen Released from Stainless Steel Oxidized in H<sub>2</sub>O-Containing Atmospheres

Yamauchi

Hirohata

et al. 2006

MSF

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Abstract. Hydrogen dissolved in the Cr 2 O 3 scale formed on the stainless steel in the H 2 O-containing atmospheres is observed by TDS (thermal desorption spectroscopy) measurements. The amount of dissolved hydrogen in the Cr 2 O 3 scale reaches a maximum about 0.32 mol% when the H 2 O concentration in the gas reaches 20%. It was found from GDS (glow discharge spectroscopy) measurements that hydrogen may exist at the oxide scale / substrate interface or in Cr 2 O 3 scale bounded that interface. However, results from the Vickers hardness and the observation of scale morphology by SEM (scanning electron microscopy), hydrogen dissolved in the Cr 2 O 3 scale would have little effect on a decrease in the mechanical property of the Cr 2 O 3 scale. Therefore, hydrogen dissolved in the Cr 2 O 3 scale may not be main factor of the deterioration of the Cr 2 O 3 scale.

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“…Later, nodule-like oxides are formed locally, and then the alloy shows accelerated oxidation behavior, resulting in a large mass gain [1][2][3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TDS Measurement of Hydrogen Released from Stainless Steel Oxidized in H<sub>2</sub>O-Containing Atmospheres

Yamauchi

Hirohata

et al. 2006

MSF

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“…Equation 11 can be used to transform, data point by data point, a weight change curve obtained during an experiment at a specific temperature T A to an equivalent exposure at any arbitrary temperature T B , as long as T B is within the bounds set on Equation 4. Figure 9 is a revision of Figure 7, with the weight change data shifted to equivalent exposures at 760°C.…”

Section: Oxidation Test Results -Ambient Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use and Performance of Wrought 625 Alloy in Primary Surface Recuperators for Gas Turbine Engines

Rakowski¹,

Stinner²,

Lipschutz³

et al. 2005

Superalloys 718, 625, 706 and Various Derivatives (2005)

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Recuperation increases the efficiency of a gas turbine engine by extracting heat from the exhaust gas stream and using it to pre-heat the compressor discharge air. High temperature oxidation and creep are major concerns, necessitating the use of heat-resistant alloys for the recuperator panels. Most current recuperator designs specify austenitic stainless steel foil as the material of construction. Water vapor, present in the exhaust gas as a by-product of combustion, has been shown to be detrimental to elevated temperature oxidation resistance, particularly for ferrous alloys. The protective chromium oxide scale breaks down rapidly in the presence of water vapor due to the formation of fast-growing iron oxide nodules. Increasing the amount of chromium and nickel appears to alleviate the risk of breakaway oxidation. Alloy 625, a common wrought Ni-Cr-Mo superalloy, is a candidate material for recuperator air cells. Long-term oxidation testing of 100 micron thick samples performed at 704-815ºC (1300-1500ºF) did not result in breakaway oxidation but indicated a tendency towards weight loss. The observed oxidation kinetics can be explained by a model combining the simultaneous growth and evaporation of an oxide layer. Evaporation of chromia appears to be accelerated in the presence of water vapor by the formation of volatile species such as chromium oxyhydroxide. Comparing these results to those of other nickel-base superalloys and high-alloy content stainless steels revealed that minor element chemistry can be modified to mitigate evaporation by the formation of an external spinel oxide layer. IntroductionRecuperation is a means for increasing the efficiency of a simple-cycle gas turbine. A primary surface recuperator allows for heat transfer between the turbine exhaust and compressor discharge gas streams in a gas turbine in a highly efficient, relatively compact package. This serves to increase the temperature of the air entering the combustor, effectively decreasing the amount of fuel required to reach the desired turbine inlet temperature. Figure 1 illustrates a recuperated cycle in schematic form.

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“…If the internal oxidizing gas is O2, the oxygen partial pressure is too low to oxidize for such a short time. 10) Another oxidation mechanism is necessary such as the dissociative process. 10,11) That process explains that detached oxide scale oxidizes the separated metal surface (Fig.…”

Section: Nucleationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blistering Behavior during Oxide Scale Formation on Steel Surface

Kondo¹,

Tanei²,

Suzuki³

et al. 2011

ISIJ Int.

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Blistering occurs when oxide scale is swollen during oxidation. Blistered scale causes surface defect problems when it is rolled. Present study investigated the nucleation and growth behavior of blistering when steel is oxidized at high temperature. The following conclusions are drawn. Blistering phenomenon has the nucleation and growth process. At the nucleation stage scale is delaminated at the scale/metal interface. The gas compositions inside blisters at this stage are CO, CO2, and N2. The steel surface inside blisters is oxidized while the stage changes from nucleation to growth. At the growth stage, the separated steel surface from the scale is not oxidized.

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The Mechanism of the High-Temperature Oxidation of Iron-Chromium Alloys in Water Vapor

Cited by 196 publications

References 1 publication

TDS Measurement of Hydrogen Released from Stainless Steel Oxidized in H<sub>2</sub>O-Containing Atmospheres

TDS Measurement of Hydrogen Released from Stainless Steel Oxidized in H<sub>2</sub>O-Containing Atmospheres

The Use and Performance of Wrought 625 Alloy in Primary Surface Recuperators for Gas Turbine Engines

Blistering Behavior during Oxide Scale Formation on Steel Surface

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