The mechanism of surfactant-free emulsion polymerization of styrene

Prokopov, N. I.; Kiryutina, Olga; Khaddazh, M.; Tauer, Klaus; Kozempel, Steffen

doi:10.1134/s1560090410050106

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Monodispersed PSL particles were prepared in-house by NANOTEC using polymerization technique based on the literatures [ 16 , 17 ]. The suspension was diluted to concentration of 1% solid by deionized water (resistivity of 18.2 MΩ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Monodispersed Polystyrene Particles as Thailand Reference Materials (TRM)

Pongkasem

Crespy

Thaiboonrod

et al. 2022

MAPAN

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The purpose of this study was to develop monodispersed polystyrene particles as certified reference materials in accordance with the ISO 17034: 2016 and the ISO Guide 35. It can play a significant role especially during the COVID-19 pandemic since several covering items such as filtering facepiece respirators or medical masks must be investigated for the quality of operation by various sizes of polystyrene. The polystyrene particles were prepared in-house by National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC) using polymerization of styrene. Each batch was preliminary check for distribution, aggregation and averaged size by using dynamic light scattering. Then polystyrene particles were prepared to 1% solid suspension in deionized water for homogeneity testing, stability assessment and characterization using transmission electron microscope with ImageJ software. The 100 nm polystyrene as an example has been successfully synthesized fulfilled the criteria of size deviation from nominal value less than ± 10 nm and polydispersity index less than 0.05. Then, the particle size of polystyrene was statistically analyzed for screening test with the results of the coefficient of variation less than 10%. Stability assessment consisting of short-term stability testing with three different temperatures and long-term stability testing within 6 months observed was carried out. The results of short-term and long-term stability were presented within the maximum acceptable. The homogeneity tests for within bottle standard deviation and between bottle standard deviation were performed with randomly sampling. The results of homogeneity tests satisfied the criteria and therefore assigned the value as the certify value. Consequently, the certify value of 105.5 ± 4.6 nm of monodispersed polystyrene particles has been successfully developed as Thailand reference materials which were similar level of quality and accuracy to the standard commercial products.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Monodispersed Polystyrene Particles as Thailand Reference Materials (TRM)

Pongkasem

Crespy

Thaiboonrod

et al. 2022

MAPAN

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“…After that, the complex of oligomer and styrene minidroplet will further aggregate into primary polymer-monomer particles. The incorporated styrene minidroplet in polymer-monomer particle continues to polymerize and results in the growth of particle, which is probably the driving force for the formation of styrene minidroplets in the vicinity of the interface. , On the other hand, the crown ethers distributed on the styrene/water interface may form a molecular fence and restrict the transfer of styrene minidroplets from the interface to the polymer-monomer particles, which can inhibit the rate of polymerization. With the increasing concentrations of crown ether, the relative contribution of the two functions ultimately determines the final particle size that increased first and then decreased.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crown Ether-Assisted Synthesis of Polystyrene Nanoparticles: Implications for Biomedicine and Electronics

Chen

Peng

Lin

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Monodisperse polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles with widely tunable sizes (30–930 nm) were prepared by soap-free emulsion polymerization with the assistance of crown ethers. The effects of crown ether species and concentrations, initiator species, and monomer contents on the sizes of PS nanoparticles were investigated in detail. The presence of 18-crown-6 and 15-crown-5 in the reaction system will facilitate the polymerization rate of styrene and produce larger PS nanoparticles in comparison with the control group (without crown ethers), whereas the system with 12-crown-4 retards the polymerization rate significantly and brings the smallest PS nanoparticles. As the interface of monomer/water is the main locus of initial reaction for the thermally initiated emulsion polymerization, the crown ether/alkali complexes accumulated around the styrene/water phase play both catalyst and molecular fence roles in the styrene soap-free emulsion polymerization. The former promotes and the latter inhibits the growth of PS nanoparticles. The relative contribution of these functions ultimately determines the final particle size. The results indicate that particle nucleation in styrene soap-free emulsion polymerization in the presence/absence of crown ethers occurs via an aggregative nucleation mechanism. This study provides a facile method to synthesize nanoparticles with widely tunable sizes via soap-free emulsion polymerization with the help of crown ethers, which has great potentials in biomedical and electronic fields.

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“…The most accepted strategies for such syntheses are based on multistep proceduressuchasadditionalintroductionofmonomer, 10 orofmonomer, surfactant and initiator, or on priming polymerization, 11 or on polymerization in the absence of surfactant, or on dispersion polymerization. 12,13 Therefore, the development of facile synthetic routes for the manufacture of such materials is still a very urgent topic. 14 Another point is that traditionally in the course of the synthesis of polymer dispersions one has to use various surfactants to stabilize polymermonomer particles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently known techniques of manufacturing those polymer microspheres are usually complicated, expensive and often poorly reproducible. The most accepted strategies for such syntheses are based on multistep procedures such as additional introduction of monomer, 10 or of monomer, surfactant and initiator, or on priming polymerization, 11 or on polymerization in the absence of surfactant, or on dispersion polymerization 12,13 . Therefore, the development of facile synthetic routes for the manufacture of such materials is still a very urgent topic 14 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One‐step synthesis of polymer dispersions with large narrow‐size‐distribution particles via heterophase polymerization in the presence of surface‐active water‐insoluble organosilicon macromers

Gostenin

Зубов

Shikhovtseva

2021

Polymer International

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Polymerizable water-insoluble surface-active macromers (SAMs), namely ⊍,ω-divinylpolydimethylsiloxane (DVPDMS), ⊍,ω-dipropylmethacrylatepolydimethylsiloxane (DPMPDMS) and ⊍,ω-pair(vinylbenzyl)polydimethylsiloxane (PVBPDMS), were synthesized and characterized using NMR. The colloidal-chemical properties of the synthesized compounds were studied in comparison with non-polymerizable polydimethylsiloxane. Using DVPDMS, DPMPDMS and PVBPDMS as copolymerizable emulsifiers, polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) suspensions with large particles, narrow particle size distribution and with the absence of the residual surfactant in the waste water were obtained. It is shown that in the presence of DPMPDMS it is possible to obtain polymer suspensions with an average particle diameter of 1.6 ∼m. The proposed mechanism of the effects of the SAMs on the polymerization is based on the copolymerization with the main monomers in the monomer-polymer particle interphases which results in stabilization of the particle protective layers from early stages of the reaction.

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The mechanism of surfactant-free emulsion polymerization of styrene

Cited by 10 publications

References 7 publications

Development of Monodispersed Polystyrene Particles as Thailand Reference Materials (TRM)

Development of Monodispersed Polystyrene Particles as Thailand Reference Materials (TRM)

Crown Ether-Assisted Synthesis of Polystyrene Nanoparticles: Implications for Biomedicine and Electronics

One‐step synthesis of polymer dispersions with large narrow‐size‐distribution particles via heterophase polymerization in the presence of surface‐active water‐insoluble organosilicon macromers

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