The Mechanism of Skull Fracture

Gurdjian, E. S.; Webster, J. E.; Lissner, H. R.

doi:10.1148/54.3.313

Cited by 100 publications

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“…This was typical of failures seen in either of the materials made with the U.S. Foam 16# core, i.e., B or C. The types of linear ductile cracks seen match those seen in pendulum impacts of skulls from Gurdjian et al (1950) and Delye et al (2007). However, the types of fractures produced in using BIB-TC 812 foam resulted in a brittle type of fracture as shown in Figure 7.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…(A) Results from Gurdjian et al (1950) and (B) from Delye et al (2007) (reproduced with permission of copyright owners). Note the ductile nature of the linear fractures (1) away from the impact point (2) in the post drop tower tests are very similar to those in previous PMHS tests in a, b, and c.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The skull consists of an energy absorbing porous layer (diplöe) sandwiched between higher strength and stiffness denser layers (hereafter referred to as cranial tables). Gurdjian et al (1950) showed that in human skulls with stresscoat applied in the area surrounding the impact point, if impact is not severe enough to cause fracture at the boundary of the concave area of the skull (tensile stress on the inside of the skull is not exceeded), the skull will rebound. However, areas away from the impact point that have experienced convex curvature can exceed the tensile strength on the outside of the skull and fracture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This indicates that the bending stiffness and bending strength of the skull and tensile strength of the outer fiber of the skull, i.e., cranial tables, are important in skull fracture. Besides linear fractures that occur toward or away from the impact point, there are concentric fractures, that result in a sinking or Cupule fracture in the immediate impact area (Gurdjian et al, 1950; Sarron et al, 2000; Hart, 2005; Raymond et al, 2009). In recent studies by Thali (2003) and Thai (2003) a skin-skull-brain model was developed that produced fracture patterns in the skulls similar to those seen in humans with gunshot wounds to the head.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a Human Cranial Bone Surrogate for Impact Studies

Roberts

Merkle

Carneal

et al. 2013

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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In order to replicate the fracture behavior of the intact human skull under impact it becomes necessary to develop a material having the mechanical properties of cranial bone. The most important properties to replicate in a surrogate human skull were found to be the fracture toughness and tensile strength of the cranial tables as well as the bending strength of the three-layer (inner table-diplöe-outer table) architecture of the human skull. The materials selected to represent the surrogate cranial tables consisted of two different epoxy resins systems with random milled glass fiber to enhance the strength and stiffness and the materials to represent the surrogate diplöe consisted of three low density foams. Forty-one three-point bending fracture toughness tests were performed on nine material combinations. The materials that best represented the fracture toughness of cranial tables were then selected and formed into tensile samples and tested. These materials were then used with the two surrogate diplöe foam materials to create the three-layer surrogate cranial bone samples for three-point bending tests. Drop tower tests were performed on flat samples created from these materials and the fracture patterns were very similar to the linear fractures in pendulum impacts of intact human skulls, previously reported in the literature. The surrogate cranial tables had the quasi-static fracture toughness and tensile strength of 2.5 MPa√ m and 53 ± 4.9 MPa, respectively, while the same properties of human compact bone were 3.1 ± 1.8 MPa√ m and 68 ± 18 MPa, respectively. The cranial surrogate had a quasi-static bending strength of 68 ± 5.7 MPa, while that of cranial bone was 82 ± 26 MPa. This material/design is currently being used to construct spherical shell samples for drop tower and ballistic tests.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 52%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Development of a Human Cranial Bone Surrogate for Impact Studies

Roberts

Merkle

Carneal

et al. 2013

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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“…The most common mechanism of injury consists of motor vehicle accidents. The mechanical forces believed to be responsible for basilar fractures involving the clivus are the sum of outbending forces located far from the local of the impact that exceed the elastic capacity of the skull and result in a fracture line that runs through the clivus 7,14 . These forces most often result from crushing the head in the lateral direction 15 .…”

Section: Casementioning

confidence: 99%

Bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia and clivus fracture following head injury: case report

Bonilha

Fernandes

Mattos

et al. 2002

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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-Internuclear ophthalmoplegia is a remarkable finding, particularly in patients victims of head injury. The medial longitudinal fasciculus, which is believed to be lesioned in cases of internuclear ophthalmoplegia, has an unique brain stem position and the mechanism involved in brain stem contusions implies a maximal intensity of shearing forces on the skull base. We describe a very rare association of bilateral ophthalmoplegia and clivus fracture following head injury, without further neurological signs. The patient history, his physical examination and the image investigation provide additional evidence to some of the mechanisms of injury proposed to explain post-traumatic internuclear ophthalmoplegia.KEY WORDS: head injury, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, skull base, clivus fracture.Oftalmoplegia internuclear bilateral e fratura de clivus após traumatismo cranioencefálico: relato de caso Oftalmoplegia internuclear bilateral e fratura de clivus após traumatismo cranioencefálico: relato de caso Oftalmoplegia internuclear bilateral e fratura de clivus após traumatismo cranioencefálico: relato de caso Oftalmoplegia internuclear bilateral e fratura de clivus após traumatismo cranioencefálico: relato de caso Oftalmoplegia internuclear bilateral e fratura de clivus após traumatismo cranioencefálico: relato de caso RESUMO -Oftalmoplegia internuclear é um interessante achado clínico, sobretudo em pacientes vítimas de trauma cranioencefálico. O fascículo longitudinal medial, cuja lesão é responsável pelas alterações observadas na oftalmoplegia internuclear, localiza-se no interior do tronco encefálico. O acúmulo de forças de impacto geradas pelo traumatismo craniano na base do crânio é responsável pela formação de contusões no tronco encefálico. Descrevemos um caso em que se observa rara associação entre oftalmoplegia internuclear bilateral e fratura de clivus em um paciente com traumatismo cranioencefálico leve, sem outras anormalidades neurológicas. A história, o exame físico e a investigação imagenológica do paciente proporcionam evidências adicionais para alguns dos mecanismos propostos para explicar oftamoplegia pós-traumática. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: traumatismo cranienecefálico, oftalmoplegia internuclear, base do crânio, fratura de clivus. After head injury, ocular motor impairments occur in 3 to 7% of patients. Third, fourth and sixth nerve palsies are believed to account for the majority of cases, while skew deviation, nystagmus, supranuclear palsies and defective convergence are less often encountered 1 . In acute trauma, the presence of an adduction deficit should raise the suspicion of internuclear ophthamoplegia (INO) 2 . Classically described by impaired adduction on attempted lateral gaze, followed by horizontal nystagmus in the abducting eye with normal convergence, INO is caused by a lesion of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF). The most common cause of bilateral INO is multiple sclerosis and unilateral INO is often due to vascular disease [3][4][5] . Other causes of INO include syphilis, brain s...

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Trauma analysis in paleopathology

Lovell

1997

American J Phys Anthropol

464

441

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This paper reviews the mechanisms of injury and the types of fractures that most commonly affect the human skeleton, presents descriptive protocols for cranial and postcranial fractures adapted from clinical and forensic medicine, and summarizes anatomically the injuries most likely to be found in archaeological skeletons along with their most common causes and complications. Mechanisms of injury are categorized as direct and indirect trauma, stress, and fracture that occurs secondary to pathology. These are considered to be the proximate, or most direct, causes of injury and they are influenced by intrinsic biological factors such as age and sex, and extrinsic environmental factors, both physical and sociocultural, that may be thought of as the ultimate, or remote, causes of injury. Interpersonal conflict may be one of those causes but the skeletal evidence itself is rarely conclusive and must therefore be evaluated in its individual, populational, sociocultural, and physical context. A cautionary tale regarding parry fractures is presented as an illustration.

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The Mechanism of Skull Fracture

Cited by 100 publications

References 0 publications

Development of a Human Cranial Bone Surrogate for Impact Studies

Development of a Human Cranial Bone Surrogate for Impact Studies

Bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia and clivus fracture following head injury: case report

Trauma analysis in paleopathology

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