The mechanism of rockfall disaster: A case study from Badouzih, Keelung, in northern Taiwan

Wei, Lun-Wei; Chen, Hongey; Lee, Ching‐Fang; Huang, Wei; Lin, Min; Chi, Chung-Chi; Lin, Hao‐Wu

doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.10.008

Cited by 64 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In Table 1, we propose some physical processes associated with different meteorological events, which can trigger a rockfall, and the associated relevant meteorological parameters. Most works concerning these factors are based either on a single event study (Yamagishi, 2000;Wei et al, 2014), or on a rockfall inventory. Some examples of studies based on a rockfall inventory are given in Table 2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of meteorological factors on rockfall occurrence in a middle mountain limestone cliff

D’Amato

Hantz

Guérin

et al. 2016

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. The influence of meteorological conditions on rockfall occurrence has been often highlighted, but knowledge of it is still not sufficient due to the lack of exhaustive and precise rockfall databases. In this study, rockfalls have been detected in a limestone cliff by annual terrestrial laser scanning, and dated by photographic survey over a period of 2.5 years. A near-continuous survey (one photo every 10 min) with a wide-angle lens has made it possible to date 214 rockfalls larger than 0.1 m 3 , and a monthly survey with a telephoto lens has dated 854 rockfalls larger than 0.01 m 3 . Analysis of the two databases shows that the rockfall frequency can be multiplied by a factor as high as 7 during freeze-thaw episodes and 26 when the mean rainfall intensity (since the beginning of the rainfall episode) is higher than 5 mm h −1 . Based on these results, a three-level scale has been proposed for predicting the temporal variations of rockfall frequency. The more precise database and freeze-thaw episode definition make it possible to distinguish different phases in freeze-thaw episodes: negative temperature cooling periods, negative temperature warming periods and thawing periods. It appears that rockfalls occur more frequently during warming and thawing periods than during cooling periods. It can be inferred that rockfalls are caused by thermal ice dilatation rather than by dilatation due to the phase transition. But they may occur only when the ice melts, because the cohesion of the ice-rock interface can be sufficient to hold the rock compartment which has been cut.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of meteorological factors on rockfall occurrence in a middle mountain limestone cliff

D’Amato

Hantz

Guérin

et al. 2016

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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“…Force. According to the law of conservation of energy, when a rockfall hits a bridge pier, the kinetic energy carried by the rockfall is converted into the elastic strain energy of the bridge pier, which is expressed in (4)- (7).…”

Section: E Formula For Maximum Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With regard to the industry standards applied in China, however, the regulations on protecting bridge piers from the impact of rockfall have not been proposed yet. In order to promote the development of bridge construction in China and reduce the detrimental effects caused by rockfall disasters, it is of much practical significance to figure out the dynamic response mechanism and pier damage caused by rockfall-bridge pier collision, which is conducive to mitigating the risk of rockfall impacting on the bridge and improving its ability to withstand rockfall [5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study on the Damage of Bridge Pier under the Impact of Rockfall

Sun

Zhou³

et al. 2021

Advances in Civil Engineering

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In this paper, a discussion is presented about the impact-induced damage suffered by bridge pier columns during rockfall events through model tests and impact force, column top displacement, stress-strain response, and other parameters in relation to the process of impact. On this basis, the following conclusions are drawn. Firstly, the impact force, as well as the displacement and strain of the column top, increases rapidly after taking a hit, while the displacement is reduced after reaching its maximum. Secondly, at the same falling height, the higher the impact position, the smaller the peak of impact force and the longer the attenuation period. Thirdly, at the same impact height, the impact energy, the displacement of the column top, and the peak of the impact force increase as the falling height of the pendulum ball is on the rise, but the attenuation period remains unchanged. Fourthly, the failure mode of column impacted by the swing ball conforms to shear-flexural failure. Fifthly, it is recommended to strengthen the preventative measures for those weak positions like 1/2 height and 1/4 height of bridge pier, so as to minimize the potential damage caused by rockfalls. Besides, a theoretical formula used to estimate the maximum impact force is proposed. Lastly, under the axial load of bridge deck, the performance of the pier in impact resistance under rockfall is better and the damage is less severe than in the experimental impact test. The axial load applied by the deck imposes some constraints on the pier, thus reducing concrete damage. The research results can contribute to the research on addressing the rockfall-bridge pier collision problem. The experimental research demonstrates its theoretical significance to engineering for the prevention of rockfall.

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“…In this process, a fragment of rock detaches from a rocky mass along a pre-existing discontinuity (e.g., bedding, fractures), slides, topples or falls along a vertical or nearly vertical cliff. Individual fragments travel downslope by bouncing and flying or by rolling on talus or debris slopes (Crosta and Agliardi, 2004;Cruden and Varnes, 1996;Varnes, 1978;Whalley, 1984;Wei et al, 2014). The rock fragments travel at speeds of a few to tens of meters per second, and range in volume up to thousands of cubic meters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating earthquake-induced rockfall hazard near the Dead Sea Transform

Kanari

Katz

Weinberger

et al. 2019

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. We address an approach for rockfall hazard evaluation where the study area resides below a cliff in an a priori exposure to rockfall hazard, but no historical documentation of rockfall events is available and hence important rockfall hazard parameters like triggering mechanism and recurrence interval are unknown. We study the rockfall hazard for the town of Qiryat Shemona, northern Israel, situated alongside the Dead Sea Transform, at the foot of the Ramim escarpment. Numerous boulders are scattered on the slopes above the town, while pre-town historical aerial photos reveal that boulders had reached the location that is now within town limits. We use field observations and optically stimulated luminescence dating of past rockfall events combined with computer modeling to evaluate the rockfall hazard. For the analysis, we first mapped the rockfall source and final downslope stop sites and compiled the boulder size distribution. We then simulated the possible rockfall trajectories using the field observed data to calibrate the simulation software by comparing simulated and mapped boulder stop sites along selected slopes, while adjusting model input parameters for best fit. The analysis reveals areas of high rockfall hazard at the southwestern quarters of the town and also indicates that in the studied slopes falling blocks would stop where the slope angle decreases below 5–10∘. Age determination suggests that the rockfalls were triggered by large (M>6) historical earthquakes. Nevertheless, not all large historical earthquakes triggered rockfalls. Considering the size distribution of the past rockfalls in the study area and the recurrence time of large earthquakes in the region, we estimate a probability of less than 5 % to be affected by a destructive rockfall within a 50-year time window. Here we suggest a comprehensive method to evaluate rockfall hazard where only past rockfall evidence exists in the field. We show the importance of integrating spatial and temporal field observations to assess the extent of rockfall hazard, the potential block size distribution and the rockfall recurrence interval.

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The mechanism of rockfall disaster: A case study from Badouzih, Keelung, in northern Taiwan

Cited by 64 publications

References 30 publications

Influence of meteorological factors on rockfall occurrence in a middle mountain limestone cliff

Influence of meteorological factors on rockfall occurrence in a middle mountain limestone cliff

Experimental Study on the Damage of Bridge Pier under the Impact of Rockfall

Evaluating earthquake-induced rockfall hazard near the Dead Sea Transform

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