The Mechanism of Rh(I)-Catalyzed Coupling of Benzotriazoles and Allenes Revisited: Substrate Inhibition, Proton Shuttling, and the Role of Cationic vs Neutral Species

Abstract

Direct coupling of benzotriazole to unsaturated substrates such as allenes represents an atom-efficient method for the construction of biologically and pharmaceutically interesting functional structures. In this work, the mechanism of the N 2selective Rh complex-catalyzed coupling of benzotriazoles to allenes was investigated in depth using a combination of experimental and theoretical techniques. Substrate coordination, inhibition, and catalyst deactivation was probed in reactions of the neutral and cationic catalyst precursors [Rh(μ-Cl)(DPEPhos)] 2 and [Rh(DPEPhos)(MeOH) 2 ] + with benzotriazole and allene, giving coordination, or coupling of the substrates. Formation of a rhodacycle, formed by unprecedented 1,2-coupling of allenes, is responsible for catalyst deactivation. Experimental and computational data suggest that cationic species, formed either by abstraction of the chloride ligand or used directly, are relevant for catalysis. Isomerization of benzotriazole and cleavage of its N−H bond are suggested to occur by counteranion-assisted proton shuttling. This contrasts with a previously proposed scenario in which oxidative N−H addition at Rh is one of the key steps. Based on the mechanistic analysis, the catalytic coupling reaction could be optimized, leading to lower reaction temperature and shorter reaction times compared to the literature.