The Mechanism of Regulation of the Blood Sugar by the Liver

Soskin, Samuel; Essex, Hiram E.; Herrick, J. F.; Mann, Frank C.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1938.124.2.558

Cited by 173 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…The finding of negative values for A-HV at times when the arterial glucose value was still high is not in agreement with observations by Soskin et al (8) in the dog. These observers found that the hepatic glucose balance did not become negative until the arterial glucose level had fallen to control levels.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 94%

“…B. and plotted, together with the arterial and hepatic venous curves, in Figure 2. For comparison an experiment of the same sort in a dog, reported by Soskin et al (8), has been plotted in the same figure. In order to avoid superimposition of the curves, negative balances have been plotted above the double line and positive balances below.…”

Section: Fig 2 Arterial and Hepatic Venous Glucose Levels And Estimmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Studies of the Role of the Liver in Human Carbohydrate Metabolism by the Venous Catheter Technic. I. Normal Subjects Under Fasting Conditions and Following the Injection of Glucose1

Bondy¹,

James²,

Farrar³

1949

J. Clin. Invest.

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Previous observations on the role of the liver in carbohydrate metabolism have been made entirely in animals. Recently a method has been developed for obtaining specimens of hepatic venous blood and estimating the hepatic blood flow in human beings (1). This has supplied a tool which makes possible direct investigation of the activity of the liver during various phases of carbohydrate metabolism in man. The present paper deals with the application of this technic to the study of the response of the liver to the fasting state and to the intravenous injection of glucose solution. METHODSHepatic blood flow was estimated by the bromsulfalein method of Bradley (1) in some cases and in others by the urea method of Myers (2). In the few cases where blood flow determinations were not done, it was assumed that the hepatic blood flow was equal to the mean found in our other patients. The Glucose (0.5 gm./kg.) was administered intravenously in 250 ml. of distilled water over a period of 15 minutes.Blood samples were obtained simultaneously from the artery and hepatic vein before injection and 15, 45, and 60 minutes after the beginning of the infusion. The samples were taken into a sodium fluoride-oxalate mixture and were promptly treated to obtain the necessary filtrates. Glucose determinations were performed by the method of Nelson (3) using a 1:10 zinc hydroxide filtrate. In our laboratory this method has had a standard error of + 1.0 mg./100 ml. at a level of 100 mg./ 100 ml. Blood urea was determined on a 10% tungstic acid blood filtrate by the xanthydrol precipitation technic of Engel and Engel (5) and also on a 1: 200 dilution of urine. With this method, the standard error of the urea determination was 0.1 mg./100 ml. at a level of 20 mg./ 100 ml. All determinations were read on a Lumetron photoelectric calorimeter. CLINICAL MATERIALThe subjects of these experiments were 15 essentially normal volunteers who were convalescing from acute diseases. All were well nourished and had been on a diet supplying more than 200 gm. of carbohydrate for at least three days prior to the procedure. The subjects were fasted for 18 hours before the tests. In some cases 0.1 or 0.2 gm. of nembutal in 50 ml. of water was given orally about 30 minutes before the procedure. Every attempt was made to keep the subjects comfortable. Venipunctures and arterial punctures were done under procaine local anesthesia. The patients were usually at ease, and most of them dozed during the course of the experiment. As a result of the precautions taken, it seems unlikely that the normal physiological reactions to pain, fear, or anger significantly affected the observations. CALCULATIONSThe arterio-hepatic venous difference (A-HV) in mg./100 ml. is obtained by subtracting the hepatic venous from the arterial concentration. When the concentration is higher in the hepatic venous blood than in the arterial, the result is a negative quantity, indicating that the liver was losing the substance into the circulation. Where the A-HV value is positive, the liver ...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 94%

Section: Fig 2 Arterial and Hepatic Venous Glucose Levels And Estimmentioning

confidence: 98%

Studies of the Role of the Liver in Human Carbohydrate Metabolism by the Venous Catheter Technic. I. Normal Subjects Under Fasting Conditions and Following the Injection of Glucose1

Bondy¹,

James²,

Farrar³

1949

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…Therefore, it is suggested that normal hepatic blood flow in dogs is subject to wide spontaneous variations. Corrected blood flow measurement is in agreement with hepatic flow studies determined by the thermostromuhr and other methods (7,11,16,17).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Measurement of Hepatic Blood Flow in the Dog by the Bromsulphalein Method 12

Werner¹,

Horvath²

1952

J. Clin. Invest.

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Estimation of hepatic blood flow by the bromsulphalein method appears to be based upon meager experimental evidence. Bradley, Ingelfinger, Bradley, and Curry (1) proposed a formula for the estimation of hepatic blood flow in man by measuring the hepatic extraction of bromsulphalein. Myers (2) compared the hepatic blood flow obtained by this method with the hepatic flow determined by urea formation. These An indwelling needle or catheter was also placed in a branch of the femoral artery. All animals were heparinized, 5 mg./Kg. Blood pressures were recorded continuously by Statham strain gauges simultaneously from the femoral artery, right heart, and hepatic vein. A priming dose of bromsulphalein (BSP) was administered to raise the plasma level rapidly and to shorten the time required for equilibration. The priming dose of BSP was followed immediately by infusion of BISP at a constant rate for a period of 80 minutes.In order to maintain a peripheral BSP concentration of less than -mg. per cent or greater than 1 mg.per cent, two rates or two concentrations of BSP infusions were given. The flow was controlled by the use of a Graubard Peterson flowrator. A sample of the infusion fluid was always taken for later analysis. Hepatic venous and peripheral arterial samples were withdrawn simultaneously at 10-minute intervals during the 40 to 80 minutes of each observation.Five ml. of blood were collected in a dry syringe following preliminary flushing of the catheter by withdrawal of several ml. of blood. Ilemolyzed samples were discarded. The hematocrit value was determined by the usual Wintrobe tube technique from samples of blood obtained at the midpoint of measurements of hepatic blood flow. Blood samples were also obtained from the femoral artery and right heart for the estimation of cardiac output by the Fick principle 60 minutes after the infusion had begun. The data on blood pressures and cardiac outputs are being reported in a separate communication. At the end of each period of observation incisions were sutured, 300,000 units of procaine penicillin administered and the dog returned to its cage. No animal was employed either for other observations or repeated hepatic observations until at least two or more weeks had elapsed.BSP was measured calorimetrically in the macro unit of the Evelyn photoelectric colorimeter using filter 580.The calibration curve and the BSP solutions employed in all experiments were prepared from pure BSP powder (Hynson, Westcott, and Dunning).One ml. of plasma was pipetted into an Evelyn colorimeter tube and the volume made up to 10 ml. with isotonic saline. After the initial "blank" reading, 2 drops of concentrated NaOH were added, the mixture well agitated, and a reading taken within one minute of adding the alkali. The BSP concentration was obtained from the galvanometer reading and the calibration curve. All determinations were made in duplicate.433

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“…This i s accomplished by occlusion of the infrahepatic inferior vena cava. Occlusion is performed by staged ligation (157), by the insertion of plastic bypasses FIGURE 9-4. Multiple-catheter technique in dogs with portacaval transposition.…”

Section: Multiple-catheter Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas

Tadrous¹

2008

Diagnostic Criteria Handbook in Histopathology

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The Mechanism of Regulation of the Blood Sugar by the Liver

Cited by 173 publications

References 5 publications

Studies of the Role of the Liver in Human Carbohydrate Metabolism by the Venous Catheter Technic. I. Normal Subjects Under Fasting Conditions and Following the Injection of Glucose1

Studies of the Role of the Liver in Human Carbohydrate Metabolism by the Venous Catheter Technic. I. Normal Subjects Under Fasting Conditions and Following the Injection of Glucose1

Measurement of Hepatic Blood Flow in the Dog by the Bromsulphalein Method 12

Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas

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