“…The aptitude of vascular endothelium to present open fenestrations was described for the sinus endothelium of the liver (Roerdink et al, 1984;Danhier et al, 2010) , when the endothelium is perturbed by inflammatory process, hypoxic areas of infracted myocardium (Palmer et al, 1984) or in tumors (Jain, 1989). More particularly, tumor blood vessels are usually characterized by abnormalities such as high proportion of proliferating endothelial cells, pericyte deficiency and abnormal basement membrane formation leading to an enhanced vascular permeability.…”
“…The aptitude of vascular endothelium to present open fenestrations was described for the sinus endothelium of the liver (Roerdink et al, 1984;Danhier et al, 2010) , when the endothelium is perturbed by inflammatory process, hypoxic areas of infracted myocardium (Palmer et al, 1984) or in tumors (Jain, 1989). More particularly, tumor blood vessels are usually characterized by abnormalities such as high proportion of proliferating endothelial cells, pericyte deficiency and abnormal basement membrane formation leading to an enhanced vascular permeability.…”
“…Organ or tissue (tumor, infarct) accumulation could be achieved by the passive targeting via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect (1,2); or by the antibody-mediated active targeting (3,4), while the intracellular delivery could be mediated by certain internalizable ligands (folate, transferrin) (5,6) or by cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs, such as TAT or polyArg) (7,8). Such a DDS should simultaneously carry on its surface various active moieties, i.e.…”
In order to develop targeted pharmaceutical carriers additionally capable of responding certain local stimuli, such as decreased pH values in tumors or infarcts, targeted long-circulating PEGylated liposomes and PEG-phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE)-based micelles have been prepared with several functions. First, they are capable of targeting a specific cell or organ by attaching the monoclonal antimyosin antibody 2G4 to their surface via pNP-PEG-PE moieties. Second, these liposomes and micelles were additionally modified with biotin or TAT peptide (TATp) moieties attached to the surface of the nanocarrier by using biotin-PE or TATp-PE or TATp-short PEG-PE derivatives. PEG-PE used for liposome surface modification or for micelle preparation was made degradable by inserting the pH-sensitive hydrazone bond between PEG and PE (PEG-Hz-PE). Under normal pH values, biotin and TATp functions on the surface of nanocarriers were "shielded" by long protecting PEG chains (pH-degradable PEG 2000 -PE or PEG 5000 -PE) or by even longer pNP-PEG-PE moieties used to attach antibodies to the nanocarrier (non-pH-degradable PEG 3400 -PE or PEG 5000 -PE). At pH 7.5-8.0, both liposomes and micelles demonstrated high specific binding with 2G4 antibody substrate, myosin, but very limited binding on an avidin column (biotin-containing nanocarriers) or internalization by NIH/3T3 or U-87 cells (TATp-containing nanocarriers). However, upon brief incubation (15-to-30 min) at lower pH values (pH 5.0-6.0) nanocarriers lost their protective PEG shell because of acidic hydrolysis of PEG-Hz-PE and acquired the ability to become strongly retained on avidin-column (biotin-containing nanocarriers) or effectively internalized by cells via TATp moieties (TATp-containing nanocarriers). We consider this result as the first step in the development of multifunctional stimuli-sensitive pharmaceutical nanocarriers.
“…Because of their small size (approx. 5-50 nm), micelles are able to spontaneously accumulate in pathological areas with the damaged ("leaky") vasculature, such as infarcts (Palmer et al 1984) and tumors (Gabizon 1995, Yuan et al 1995, via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect (Maeda et al 2000;2001).…”
Paclitaxel-loaded mixed polymeric micelles consisting of poly(ethylene glycol)-distearoyl phosphoethanolamine conjugates (PEG-PE), solid triglycerides (ST), and cationic Lipofectin® lipids (LL) have been prepared. Micelles with the optimized composition (PEG-PE/ST/LL/paclitaxel = 12/12/2/1 by weight) had an average micelle size of about 100 nm, and zeta-potential of about 26 mV. Micelles were stable and did not release paclitaxel when stored at 4°C in the darkness (just 2.9% of paclitaxel have been lost after 4 months with the particle size remaining unchanged). The release of paclitaxel from such micelles at room temperature was also insignificant. However, at 37°C, approx. 16% of paclitaxel was released from PEG-PE/ST/LL/paclitaxel micelles in 72 h, probably, because of phase transition in the ST-containing micelle core. In vitro anticancer effects of PEG-PE/ ST/LL/paclitaxel and control micelles were evaluated using human mammary adenocarcinoma (BT-20) and human ovarian carcinoma (A2780) cell lines. Paclitaxel in PEG-PE/ST/LL micelles demonstrated the maximum anti-cancer activity. Cellular uptake of fluorescently-labeled paclitaxelcontaining micelles by BT-20 cells was investigated using a fluorescence microscopy. It seems that PEG-PE/ST/LL micelles, unlike micelles without the LL component, could escape from endosomes and enter the cytoplasm of BT-20 cancer cells thus increasing the anticancer efficiency of the micellar paclitaxel.
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