The Mechanism of Insulin Secretion after Oral Glucose Administration

Hommel, H; Fischer, Uwe; Retzlaff, Karl; Knöfler, H

doi:10.1007/bf01235635

Cited by 71 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This blood glucose independent early insulin response (EIR) also occurs during ingestion of indigestible dummy meals [1]. The EIR is probably triggered by afferent nervous signals arising from the oropharyngeal cavity [28,29]. Available evidence suggests that efferent vagal projections are involved in the triggering of the EIR: both vagotomy and pharmacological blockade of muscarinic receptors by atropin abolish the EIR [1,4,6].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insulin secretion by the transplanted neonatal pancreas during food intake in fasted and fed rats

Strubbe

Wachem

1981

Diabetologia

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In order to investigate the physiological role of the autonomic nervous system on insulin secretion, neonatal pancreases were implanted under the kidney capsule of alloxan diabetic rats, resulting in recovery from diabetes, with denervated insulin secreting tissue. Rats were also provided with permanent double cardiac catheters allowing simultaneous infusion and rapid blood sampling with free movement. Intracardiac glucose infusion caused, coincident with the rapid rise of blood glucose, an increase of plasma insulin in the first minute in both controls and transplanted rats. After ingestion of food plasma insulin in normal control rats increased in the first minute, and prior to the first rise of glucose, from 23 + 2 mU/1 to 66 + 4 mU/1 in the fed state, and from 9 _+ 3 mU/1 to 34 _+ 3 mU/1 after 24 h of fasting. In contrast, this response was absent in the transplanted animals. In the fed state maximum insulin responses were attained at 20 minutes and were 63 + 10 mU/1 for controls, 104 + 15 mU/l for transplants and 20 _ 3 mU/1 for rats which recovered from diabetes one week after alloxan. The concomittant glucose responses were 22 + 2, 34 + 3 and 45 + 4mg/ 100 ml respecitively. Ingestion of a meal after fasting showed a similar decreased insulin response and insulinogenic index at t = 20 in both the transplanted and control group. Histology and electronmicroscopy of the transplanted pancreas showed vascularized groups of well granulated B-cells. The data of these experiments suggest that 1) The early insulin response after food intake is under direct control of the autonomic nervous system, 2) Glucose homeostasis is disturbed after transplantation, 3) Mainly humoral factors are responsible for the decreased insulin response after fasting.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insulin secretion by the transplanted neonatal pancreas during food intake in fasted and fed rats

Strubbe

Wachem

1981

Diabetologia

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“…Studies have demonstrated that specific tastes or the smell and sight of food can lead to a rapid release of insulin (8,50, 51). In dogs, sham feeding of glucose or plain tap water was able to increase the plasma immunoreactive insulin level (8). Topical anesthesia of the oral mucosa abolished the effect (52).…”

Section: Endocrine Responsesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Because oral stimulation can initiate exocrine and endocrine secretions involved in digestion and metabolism (5)(6)(7)(8), attention is currently being given to the nutritional consequences of these physiological secretions. In this paper, we discuss possible nutritional applications of the interrelationships of the chemical senses with eating behavior, digestion, and metabolism.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nutritional applications of the chemical senses

Naim¹,

Kare²

1984

J. Chem. Educ.

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Two of the major nutritional roles of oral sensory mechanisms are to initiate eating and to ensure reliable control of nutrient intake. Lepkovsky stated that the "universality of the chemical senses is best explained by the fact that in order to eat, the organism must possess some chemical knowledge" (I ). Studies have demonstrated that experimental animals, under some circumstances, are able to associate the sensory qualities of foods with their postabsorptive consequences, allowing the animals to select nutrients according to their physiological needs ( 2 4 ) . This suggests survival value of the chemical senses in governing selection of nutrients. However, at least in the industrialized nations, humans select and consume nutrients from among foods which are available in excess of survival needs. Additionally, taste experiences and cultural factors produce new eating patterns and nutritional consequences. Thus, the role played by the chemical senses during the over-consumption of high-salt, high-fat, and high-sugar foods becomes an obvious aim of nutritional studies.ntmuse oral stimulatiun cnn initiate exucrine and endwrine sca:rrtions invdvrd in dinestion and metabulism ( 5 61, at-" tention is currently being given to the nutritional conseouences of these nhvsioloeical secretions. In this paver, we . " discuss possible nutritional applications of the interrelationshios of the chemical senses with eating behavior, digestion, and metabolism. The Role ot the Chemical Senses in Regulating the Selection of NutrientsIt is apparent that the chemical senses play a significant role in food choices. The fact that newborn infants with no prior taste experience prefer sugar solutions over water in a pattern similar to that of adults, coupled with the fact that newborns show no preference for othertaste stimuli (9, lo), suggests that the human preference for sweet tastes is probably innate. The avid selection of sugar solutions by the human newborn complements their continuing caloric need. On the other hand, there is no apparent selection of sodium chloride solutions presumably because maternal milk is well supplied with sodium chloride.The newborn has a narrow margin of safety from dehydration stemming from the high ratio of surface area to body mass. Further, the ability to handle salt is limited because of the immature kidnev. A few vears later the child will select salty foods; however, by thattime the threat of dehydration is reduced and kidneys are fully functional. It would appear that, in the newborn, taste for sugar and for salt functions in the interest of the baby's welfare.When given a choice of novel foods, rats initially select diets having flavors known to appeal to humans in preference to diets containing tastes considered to he aversive. This unlearned discrimination may have survival value in mammals, since appealing tastes are associated with nutritious foods and many toxic compounds are bitter. The physiological state of an animal may induce altered behavioral patterns in food selection. For example, ...

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Diurnal insulin and glucose profiles following transplantation of fresh and cryopreserved canine pancreatic islets

Walsh

Fitzpatrick

Alderson

et al. 1989

British Journal of Surgery

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Dispersed islet autotransplants (fresh and cryopreserved) can produce normal fasting insulin and glucose concentrations. Following an intravenous glucose challenge, however, the insulin response is impaired and glucose clearance delayed. This study examines the diurnal insulin and glucose response to feeding in recipients of fresh islet autografts (n = 6), recipients of cryopreserved islet autografts (n = 3), normal unoperated controls (n = 10) and insulin treated pancreatectomized diabetic dogs (n = 7). Mean fasting insulin and glucose levels were similar in all groups. After feeding, insulin profiles in both transplant groups were near normal while significant hyperinsulinaemia occurred in insulin treated diabetic dogs. Mild postprandial carbohydrate intolerance was observed in transplant recipients but glycosylated haemoglobin levels were similar (mean(s.d.] to normals (6.88(0.86) per cent, 6.86(0.5) per cent respectively). Dispersed islet autotransplantation with portal insulin delivery produces near normal insulin and glucose profiles suggesting that this may represent a suitable treatment for insulin dependent diabetes.

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The Mechanism of Insulin Secretion after Oral Glucose Administration

Cited by 71 publications

References 31 publications

Insulin secretion by the transplanted neonatal pancreas during food intake in fasted and fed rats

Insulin secretion by the transplanted neonatal pancreas during food intake in fasted and fed rats

Nutritional applications of the chemical senses

Diurnal insulin and glucose profiles following transplantation of fresh and cryopreserved canine pancreatic islets

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