The Mechanism of Hyperglycemia-Induced Renal Cell Injury in Diabetic Nephropathy Disease: An Update

Abstract

Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) is a serious complication of type I and II diabetes. It develops from the initial microproteinuria to end-stage renal failure. The main initiator for DN is chronic hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia (HG) can stimulate the resident and non-resident renal cells to produce humoral mediators and cytokines that can lead to functional and phenotypic changes in renal cells and tissues, interference with cell growth, interacting proteins, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), etc., ultimately resulting in glomerular and tubular damage and the onset of kidney disease. Therefore, poor blood glucose control is a particularly important risk factor for the development of DN. In this paper, the types and mechanisms of DN cell damage are classified and summarized by reviewing the related literature concerning the effect of hyperglycemia on the development of DN. At the cellular level, we summarize the mechanisms and effects of renal damage by hyperglycemia. This is expected to provide therapeutic ideas and inspiration for further studies on the treatment of patients with DN.

Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel ferrostatin derivatives for the prevention of HG-induced VEC ferroptosis

“…7 Therefore, finding ways to protect endothelial function from HG is crucial for the prevention and treatment of diabetic-associated vascular diseases. [8][9][10][11] Ferroptosis is a recently discovered form of regulated cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. It differs from other forms of cell death, such as apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy, in terms of morphology, biochemistry, and genetics.…”

“…7 Therefore, finding ways to protect endothelial function from HG is crucial for the prevention and treatment of diabetic-associated vascular diseases. 8–11…”

Analysis of risk factors of infection in diabetic foot patients

“…Persistently hyperglycaemia can harm kidneys' delicate blood vessels and structures, impairing filtration and contributing to chronic kidney disease. Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD), which necessitates dialysis or renal transplant 8 . Retinopathy, a progressive eye disease, is an important diabetic complication.…”

DNA methylation enzymes in the kidneys of male and female BTBR ob/ob mice

“…Chronic hyperglycemia induces dysfunction in various cell types of the kidney leading to albuminuria and progressive decline in organ function, which are associated with glomerular damage and tubule-interstitial fibrosis ( 6 – 8 ).…”