The mechanism of caesium intercalation of graphene

Petrović, Marin; Rakić, Iva Šrut; Runte, Sven; Busse, Carsten; Sadowski, Jerzy; Lazić, Predrag; Pletikosić, Ivo; Pan, Zhixing K.; Milun, M.; Pervan, Petar; Atodiresei, Nicolae; Brako, R.; Šokčević, D.; Valla, T.; Michely, Thomas; Kralj, Marko

doi:10.1038/ncomms3772

Cited by 190 publications

(239 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…(8) By considering that the graphene can be engineered to have a higher Fermi energy (around 0.8 to 0.9 eV) [35,36], and to have a lower work function (to 2.5 to 3 eV) [37], it is possible to have a graphene-based cathode to emit a sufficiently high current density (> 10 A/m 2 )…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electron Thermionic Emission from Graphene and a Thermionic Energy Converter

2015

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In this paper, we propose a model to investigate the electron thermionic emission from a singlelayer graphene (ignoring the effects of substrate) and to explore its application as the emitter of thermionic energy convertor (TIC). An analytical formula has been derived, which is a function of temperature, work function and Fermi energy level. The formula is significantly different from the traditional Richardson-Dushman (RD) law for which it is independent of mass to account for the supply function of the electrons in the graphene behaving like massless Fermion quasiparticles. By comparing with a recent experiment [Kaili Jiang et al., Nano Research 7, 553 (2014)] measuring electron thermionic emission from a suspended single layer graphene, our model predicts that the intrinsic work function of a single-layer graphene is about 4.514 eV with a Fermi energy level of 0.083 eV. For a given work function, a new scaling of T 3 is predicted, which is different from the traditional RD scaling of T 2 . If the work function of the graphene is lowered to 2.5 to 3 eV, and the Fermi energy level is increased to 0.8 to 0.9 eV, it is possible to design a graphene cathode based TIC operating at around 900 K or lower, as compared with the metal-based cathode TIC (operating at about 1500 K). With a graphene based cathode (work function = 4.514 eV) at 900 K, and a metallic based anode (work function = 2.5 eV) like LaB 6 at 425 K, the efficiency of our proposed-TIC is about 45%.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is worth to note that Fermi level can be tuned experimentally over a wide range (0.5 to 0.85 eV) via different methods such as chemical doping [35], and electrostatic gate voltage [36]. Some recent studies has also suggested that graphene can be engineered to have a lower work function (2.5 to 3 eV) [37].…”

Section: Thermionic Emission From Graphenementioning

confidence: 99%

Electron Thermionic Emission from Graphene and a Thermionic Energy Converter

2015

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“…As one might have expected, this is an indication of a strong Au-S bonding in the system. This strong bond will presumably limit the possibilities to modify the electronic properties of epitaxial MoS 2 on Au(111) compared to the case of graphene on transition metal surfaces, where a large number of atomic species can be intercalated between the graphene and the surface in order to change the graphene's electronic properties [49][50][51][52][53].…”

Section: (C)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-layerMoS2on Au(111): Band gap renormalization and substrate interaction

et al. 2016

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The electronic structure of epitaxial single-layer MoS2 on Au(111) is investigated by angleresolved photoemission spectroscopy, scanning tunnelling spectroscopy, and first principles calculations. While the band dispersion of the supported single-layer is close to a free-standing layer in the vicinity of the valence band maximum atK and the calculated electronic band gap on Au (111) is similar to that calculated for the free-standing layer, significant modifications to the band structure are observed at other points of the two-dimensional Brillouin zone: AtΓ, the valence band maximum has a significantly higher binding energy than in the free MoS2 layer and the expected spin-degeneracy of the uppermost valence band at theM point cannot be observed. These band structure changes are reproduced by the calculations and can be explained by the detailed interaction of the out-of-plane MoS2 orbitals with the substrate.

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“…Alkali, alkalineearth, or rare-earth-metal atoms can be inserted between the graphene layers of graphite without disrupting the bonding pattern within the graphene layers, and the electronic structure of the metal-graphite compound can be deduced from the interactions between the graphene and the metal layers [2,3]. Intercalation in few-layer graphene is explored for modifying its electronic, transport, and optical properties [4,5]. Some of these metal-graphite compounds even become superconducting [2,6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Li intercalation in graphite: A van der Waals density-functional study

2014

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Modeling layered intercalation compounds from first principles poses a problem, as many of their properties are determined by a subtle balance between van der Waals interactions and chemical or Madelung terms, and a good description of van der Waals interactions is often lacking. Using van der Waals density functionals we study the structures, phonons and energetics of the archetype layered intercalation compound Li-graphite. Intercalation of Li in graphite leads to stable systems with calculated intercalation energies of −0.2 to −0.3 eV/Li atom, (referred to bulk graphite and Li metal). The fully loaded stage 1 and stage 2 compounds LiC 6 and Li 1/2 C 6 are stable, corresponding to two-dimensional √ 3× √ 3 lattices of Li atoms intercalated between two graphene planes. Stage N > 2 structures are unstable compared to dilute stage 2 compounds with the same concentration. At elevated temperatures dilute stage 2 compounds easily become disordered, but the structure of Li 3/16 C 6 is relatively stable, corresponding to a √ 7× √ 7 in-plane packing of Li atoms. First-principles calculations, along with a Bethe-Peierls model of finite temperature effects, allow for a microscopic description of the observed voltage profiles.

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The mechanism of caesium intercalation of graphene

Cited by 190 publications

References 54 publications

Electron Thermionic Emission from Graphene and a Thermionic Energy Converter

Electron Thermionic Emission from Graphene and a Thermionic Energy Converter

Single-layerMoS2on Au(111): Band gap renormalization and substrate interaction

Li intercalation in graphite: A van der Waals density-functional study

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