“…In some cases (Chapon & Euzéby, 2002; Daly, 1997) they have monitored changes in the regulations that form the basis of national social protection systems. Other authors have worked with social expenditure variables, some using classical indicators in the analysis of social security benefits, such as coverage and replacement rates (Cornellisse & Goudswaard, 2002; Johnson, 1999), and others referring exclusively to aggregate social expenditure levels. Of the latter, some merely offer static comparisons (Barrada, 1997; Boscá, Fernández & Taguas, 1997; Fernández, 1993; Greeve, 1996), while others offer a dynamic perspective (Alber & Standing, 2000; Alonso, Galindo & Sosvilla‐Rivero, 1997; Castles, 2001; Herce, Sosvilla‐Rivero & de Lucio, 1998).…”