The measurement of psychological androgyny.

Abstract

This article describes the development of a new sex-role inventory that treats masculinity and femininity as two independent dimensions, thereby making it possible to characterize a person as masculine, feminine, or "androgynous" as a function of the difference between his or her endorsement of masculine and feminine personality characteristics. Normative data are presented, as well as the results of various psychometric analyses. The major findings of conceptual interest are: (a) the dimensions of masculinity and femininity are empirically as well as logically independent; (6) the concept of psychological androgyny is a reliable one; and (c) highly sex-typed scores do not reflect a general tendency to respond in a socially desirable direction, but rather a specific tendency to describe oneself in accordance with sex-typed standards of desirable behavior for men and women.

Gender differences in narcissism: A meta-analytic review.

“…In addition, there is evidence that women have become more similar to men on a variety of other agentic traits over time, such as assertiveness (Twenge, 2001) and masculinity or instrumentality (Twenge, 1997). Twenge's (1997) meta-analysis that examined Bem's sex role inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974) found that women's scores on the masculine (i.e., agentic) scale of the BSRI increased over time, and that gender differences on the masculine scale decreased over time. Concurrently, men did not increase in femininity, and gender differences in femininity remained stable (Twenge, 1997).…”

Identidade de gênero/sexo de atletas e sedentários

“…Isso pode ter se refletido nos estudos de Bem (1974) e Sabo (1985), nos quais as meninas possuem dificuldade de conciliar a natureza competitiva com a sua feminilidade. Da mesma forma, Eccles et al (1999) e Harrison e Lynch (2005) relatam que muitas jovens mulheres ainda acreditam existir um conflito inerente entre valores e preferências femininas com a grande competitividade que algumas atividades físicas proporcionam, características predominantemente masculinas.…”

“…Por outro lado, mulheres empenhadas na prática de esportes considerados masculinos recebem similar percepção de desvio. (BEM, 1974;COLLEY;CHIPPS, 1985;SABO, 1985;MESSNER;SABO, 1994;BRADY et al, 1996;ECCLES et al, 1999;HARRISON;LYNCH, 2005).…”

The psychological synthesis evaluated by the interactive model

“…These differentiated responses can be observed in gender studies (Bem, 1974(Bem, , 1975(Bem, , 1977Heilbrun, 1976;Lorr & Maning, 1978;Silvern & Ryan, 1979), more specifically in studies that deal with psychological androgyny, as well as the studies by Helgeson (1994), in which she reported that individuals who possessed agentic and communal traits presented lower disease incidences than other individuals.…”

“…In social psychology, a quick review reveals a series of contemporary theories in which opposites are present: (a) at the cultural level, in studies dealing with individualism versus collectivism (Triandis, 1989) and (b) at the individual level, in idiocentric self versus allocentric self (Triandis, Leung, Villareal, & Clack, 1985); in individual versus social identity (Banaji & Prentice, 1994); in the independent self versus the interdependent self (Markus & Kitayama, 1991); agency versus communion (Helgeson, 1994); and masculinity versus femininity (Bem, 1974;Constantinople, 1973;Feather, 1978;Heilbrun & Pitman, 1979;Orlofsky, 1977;Spence, Helmreich, & Stapp, 1975). In all these themes, opposites assume both an oppositional and complementary posture.…”