The Measurement of Californium-252 in Vivo

Newton, D.; Mc, Eagle

doi:10.1097/00004032-197212000-00008

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…It is produced in particle accelerators by bombarding a magnesium target with deuterons. Two reactions are employed: 26 Mg (d, 2n) 26 Al and 25 Mg (d, n) 26 Al. Both of these reactions produce low yields of 26 Al in terms of radioactivity (a function of the long half-life and, therefore low specific activity of the isotope); consequently, magnesium targets have to be irradiated for long periods to produce the quantities of the radionuclide that are required for biological tracer studies-particularly those studies that rely on radiometric methods for 26 Al determination.…”

Section: Aluminium Occurrence and Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2). 25 This configuration invites calibration errors where the radioactive deposit is essentially confined to a specific anatomical region, as would be the case either following the inhalation of an insoluble radioactive aerosol or where radionuclide concentrates within a single organ e.g., the liver or the kidneys. In the case of 26 Al this problem may be overcome in two ways.…”

Section: Measurement Of Aluminium-26mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The biological behaviour and bioavailability of aluminium in man, with special reference to studies employing aluminium-26 as a tracer: review and study update

2004

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Until 1990 biokinetic studies of aluminium metabolism and biokinetics in man and other animals had been substantially inhibited by analytical and practical difficulties. Of these, the most important are the difficulties in differentiating between administered aluminium and endogenous aluminium-especially in body fluids and excreta and the problems associated with the contamination of samples with environmental aluminium. As a consequence of these it was not possible to detect small, residual body burdens of the metal following experimental administrations. Consequently, many believed aluminium to be quantitatively excreted within a short time of uptake in all, but renal-failure patients. Nevertheless, residual aluminium deposits in a number of different organs and tissues had been detected in normal subjects using a variety of techniques, including histochemical staining methods. In order to understand the origins and kinetics of such residual aluminium deposits new approaches were required. One approach taken was to employ the radioisotope (67)Ga as a surrogate, but this approach has been shown to be flawed-a consequence of the different biological behaviours of aluminium and gallium. A second arose from the availability, in about 1990, of both (26)Al-a rare and expensive isotope of aluminium-and accelerator mass spectrometry for the ultra-trace detection of this isotope. Using these techniques the basic features of aluminium biokinetics and bioavailability have been unravelled. It is now clear that some aluminium is retained in the body-most probably within the skeleton, and that some deposits in the brain. However, most aluminium that enters the blood is excreted in urine within a few days or weeks and the gastrointestinal tract provides an effective barrier to aluminium uptake. Aspects of the biokinetics and bioavailability of aluminium are described below.

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Section: Aluminium Occurrence and Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Measurement Of Aluminium-26mentioning

confidence: 99%

The biological behaviour and bioavailability of aluminium in man, with special reference to studies employing aluminium-26 as a tracer: review and study update

2004

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“…In Table 6, the estimates of whole body retention are from counting with the extended array (Table 2); the cumulative excretion to 4 days, during which there was complete collection, was based on 207 Bi determined in these samples (Tables 3 and 4), and the subsequent cumulative excretion was estimated by integration of the relevant fitted functions (Equations 2 and 4). This latter process is subject to some uncertainty, particularly in view of the scatter of data in Figure 5 about Equation (4), and the three-figure accuracy implied by the later entries in the final column of Table 6 is not justified.…”

Section: Faecal Excretionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human biokinetics of injected bismuth-207

2001

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A healthy male volunteer received an intravenous injection of 207Bi as citrate. Levels of the tracer in blood and in excretion samples, and its retention and distribution within the body, were investigated by appropriate radioactivity measurements. Levels in blood fell very rapidly, with only 1% of the injection remaining at 7 h and only ca. 0.1% at 18 days. There was rapid initial excretion, with 55% lost during the first 47 h, principally in urine; however, longer-term losses were much slower and 0.6% remained in the body at 924 days, when the contemporary rate of loss implied a half-life of 1.9 years. Integration of the retention pattern suggested that steady exposure to bismuth compounds could lead ultimately to a body content of 24 times the daily systemic uptake. The largest organ deposit was in the liver, which after 3 days contained ca. 60% of the contemporary whole body content, consistent with reports of hepatotoxicity. These findings differ markedly from the metabolic model for bismuth proposed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection, which envisages a terminal half-life in the body of only 5 days and kidney as the site of highest deposition.

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“…The equipment 5 comprised an array of six scintillation detectors, each of 152 mm diameter × 89 mm thickness; four of the detectors were mounted above and two below the supine subject, inside a room shielded on all sides by 100 mm lead. We did not use the 54-detector geometry mentioned in the review.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term retention of injected aluminium-26

Newton

Talbot

2012

Hum Exp Toxicol

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Data previously reported on the whole-body retention of aluminium-26 ((26)Al) in a male volunteer are extended to 8 years after intravenous administration as citrate, when only ~2% of the injected tracer remained. The extended data, combined with a report elsewhere of the late urinary and faecal excretion of (26)Al by this subject, reinforce indications that transdermal losses contribute to the clearance of systemic aluminium and mitigate its long-term accumulation from chronic exposure.

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The Measurement of Californium-252 in Vivo

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

The biological behaviour and bioavailability of aluminium in man, with special reference to studies employing aluminium-26 as a tracer: review and study update

The biological behaviour and bioavailability of aluminium in man, with special reference to studies employing aluminium-26 as a tracer: review and study update

Human biokinetics of injected bismuth-207

Long-term retention of injected aluminium-26

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