The meaning of five patterns of gaze

Argyle, Michael; Lefebvre, Luc; Cook, Mark

doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420040202

Cited by 101 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Although in general it is the case that people who look more tend to be perceived more favourably, as mentioned above [Kleinke, 1987], in this case the suboptimal version, in which Karin looks at the participants the most of all the versions, is not the preferred one. This, however, is in line with a conclusion of Argyle et al [1974] who point out that continuous gaze can result in negative evaluation of a conversation partner. This is probably the major explanation why Karin is perceived less favourably as a person in the suboptimal version (as compared to the optimal version).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Controlling the Gaze of Conversational Agents

Heylen

Nijholt

et al. 2005

Advances in Natural Multimodal Dialogue Systems

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We report on a pilot experiment that investigated the effects of different eye gaze behaviours of a cartoon-like talking face on the quality of human-agent dialogues. We compared a version of the talking face that roughly implements some patterns of human-like behaviour with two other versions. In one of the other versions the shifts in gaze were kept minimal and in the other version the shifts would occur randomly. The talking face has a number of restrictions. There is no speech recognition, so questions and replies have to be typed in by the users of the systems. Despite this restriction we found that participants that conversed with the agent that behaved according to the human-like patterns appreciated the agent better than participants that conversed with the other agents. Conversations with the optimal version also proceeded more efficiently. Participants needed less time to complete their task.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Controlling the Gaze of Conversational Agents

Heylen

Nijholt

et al. 2005

Advances in Natural Multimodal Dialogue Systems

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“…Mutual gaze is knowing whether someone is looking at you. Mutual gaze is more commonly known as eye contact and has some well documented functions in regulating conversation and social relationships (Argyle et al, 1974;Goodwin, 1981;Kendon, 1967).…”

Section: Gaze Awareness: An Experimental Study Of Resources For Grounmentioning

confidence: 99%

Common Ground in Electronically Mediated Conversation

Monk¹

2008

Synthesis Lectures on Human-Centered Informatics

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Technologies that electronically mediate conversation, such as text-based chat or desktop video conferencing, draw on theories of human−human interaction to make predictions about the effects of design decisions. This lecture reviews the theory that has been most influential in this area: Clark's theory of language use. The key concept in Clark's theory is that of common ground. Language is viewed as a collaborative activity that uses existing common ground to develop further common ground and, hence, to communicate efficiently. The theory (a) defines different kinds of common ground, (b) formalizes the notion of collaborative activity as a "joint action," and (c) describes the processes by which common ground is developed through joint action. Chapter 1 explains why a purely cognitive model of communication is not enough and what is meant by the phrase "collaborative activity." Chapter 2 introduces the idea of common ground and how it is used in language through an example of two people conversing over a video link. Chapter 3 indicates where the interested reader can find out about the antecedents to Clark's theory. Chapter 4 sets out the fundamental concepts in Clark's theory. Chapter 5 uses five published case studies of electronically mediated communication to illustrate the value of the theory. These include studies of a computer-supported meeting room (Cognoter), a video tunnel that supports gaze awareness, video conferencing in medical consultation, and text chat. Human-centered informatics (HCI) started as the study of an individual interacting with a computer. Very quickly, it became clear that digital devices have enormous potential for communication and the discipline moved on to encompass technologies that electronically mediate human-human interaction, such as text-based chat or video conferencing. The designers of such facilities need answers to questions that depend on a knowledge of how we use language. What communication tasks will benefit from a shared whiteboard? When are text messages better than speech? The theory that informs the design of these artifacts is a theory of human-human interaction (i.e., language use).Previous theories of language use are divided into the cognitive and the social. Most psycholinguistic accounts of language production and comprehension are very cognitive. They are solely concerned with an individual's behavior and the information processing going on in that individual's head. Ethnomethodological and other sociological accounts of language use are, in contrast, social. They concentrate on the structure that is observable in the behavior of groups. Herbert Clark has developed a theory of language use that bridges these two camps. In Clark's theory, individuals have their own individual goals and behavior but also collaborate in such a way that something more emerges when one considers them as a group. To make this step from the individual to the social, the theory defines the notion of a collaborative activity and outlines the processes needed for a collab...

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“…Gaze is perhaps one of the most nuanced types of interaction. Facial expressions lasting as little as 200 ms have meaning in the interpretation of an interaction [8], (see also [1] and [2]). Gaze is also a minor violation of everyday decorum.…”

Section: Eligibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct and Mediated Interaction in the Maintenance of Social Relationships

Ling

2000

IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology

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Abstract:This paper is an analysis of how mediated interaction has changed the ways in which we establish and develop interpersonal relationships. The paper examines the dimensions of friendship and also the attempts to separate out the role of interaction via various media such as mobile telephony, MUDs, MOOs, and IRe. The paper finds that interaction via the Internet may aid the establishment of relationships. The relationships are, however, slower to develop and necessarily migrate over to other forms of communication including face to face interaction. After the establishment of a relationship there is a preference for more simultaneous, direct interaction with which one can co-ordinate every day activities.

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The meaning of five patterns of gaze

Cited by 101 publications

References 11 publications

Controlling the Gaze of Conversational Agents

Controlling the Gaze of Conversational Agents

Common Ground in Electronically Mediated Conversation

Direct and Mediated Interaction in the Maintenance of Social Relationships

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